As public welfare rises in global level and societies exhibit tendencies toward civil liberties and other aspects of democracy, Economics scholars tend to search for democracy indices and factors affecting democracy. Following this stream, in this article we seek answering the question: Is democracy -as an efficient political system- secured by taxation or by using revenues from natural resources (in particular, oil)? To answer this question, we use panel data model with data from 100 countries between 2008 and 2011. We then analyze the relationship between tax ratio in GDP and democracy index; and compare it with the relationship between ratio of revenue from natural resource in GDP and democracy index. The results show that in 100 countries the tax ratio in GDP definitely has positive effects and significant relationship with democracy index, and the oil revenue ratio in GDP is negatively related with democracy index in such a way that the higher the oil revenue ratio in GDP is (in the oil-producing countries) the lower the democracy index. Similarly, the higher the tax ratio in GDP is (in the industrialized countries), the higher the democracy index.

In this paper, we examine all the macroeconomic time series which can be considered as potential leading indicators of the state of real activity in Iran, to find the best leading indicators. According to Einian and Barakchian (1393), Nonoil GDP show the fluctuations of real activity in Iran better than other variables. Hence, in our study we consider Non-oil GDP as the target variable and the dating of the business cycles are identified following Einian and Barakchian (1393). 265 macroeconomic variables, obtained from the data sets released by the Central Bank of Iran, are used to construct 1590 potential leading indicators; 6 kinds of transformations are applied to each variable in order to generate 1590 series. These time series are quarterly series which span the period of 1367Q1 to 1387Q2. The number of Missing Points, False Alarm Points, Late Alarm Points, Concordance, and Standard Deviation in forecasting peaks and troughs are used as the main criteria to evaluate the potential leading indicators. The results show that no variable does well in terms of all the criteria; however, there exist 20 variables which performs well in forecasting peaks and troughs and there exist 6 variables which perform well in terms of the standard deviation of the forecasts. Therefore, selecting a set of potential leading indicators to construct a composite leading indicator for non-oil GDP depends entirely on the importance of each criterion for the institutes/researchers who develop the composite leading indicator. We also evaluate the potential leading indicators based on their release lags in the Central Bank's publications. Samaee and Atrianfar (1390) have shown that the national accounts' data have the longest lag (more than 6 months on average), and therefore, we suggest to diminish their role in constructing the composite leading indicator.

Because of the importance of the unpredictable changes in government expenditure on gross domestic production, this paper tries to evaluate the effects of the government expenditure shocks on gross domestic product in Iran. To do this, at the first stage, government expenditure shocks are driven by the Hodrick-Prescott Filter. Then using these shocks, considered model will be estimated. The method of model estimation is auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL). The effect of the lag of gross domestic product on current GDP is positive and significant. While the second lag of this variable on current GDP is negative. Only the third lag of government expenditure shocks has the significant effect on current GDP. That is, if the government expenditure shocks happen, it will affect the GDP after three years. According to the results, the coefficient of this variable is negative. So there is a converse relationship between government expenditure shock and gross domestic product. If there will be a one-unit shock in government expenditure, after three periods (year), gross domestic product will decrease 0.84 units.

One of the most influential of the national economic indicators is gross domestic product, But since this measure does not consider the costs of eliminating pollution and the negative effects of environmental, has been criticized. In the other word, GDP is not an appropriate criteria for measuring economic welfare, so green GDP has been introduced for measuring of economic welfare. Major objective of green GDP is the accounting systems that are provided an exact and correct criteria of economic welfare. In this paper, to assess the impact of trade liberalization on green GDP, we used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach and time series data over the period 1357-1388. The results of estimating model show that increased trade liberalization leads to an increase in green GDP, So that elasticity of green GDP to the trade liberalization in the long term and short term respectively is 0.082 and 0.044.

The most important issues in the evaluation of development of a country, according to the categories of human resources as are considered of development. General Mfhrm human development, increasing people's choices and promote the welfare of life that defined the underlying enjoyment of human life and ethics in a long and healthy environment is rich and democratic society. Performance of countries in this regard, as an annual HDI index, which raised a number of inputs is estimated that including education, health, GDP and GDP Hand can be noted from the aforementioned variables and factors under various branches has been established. Assessment methods and indicators with different software and different applications, which is used in many cases the process of human development is a qualitative concept to quantitatively with other countries in consecutive years can be compared. Drives to this article from the perspective of two inputs HDI index GDP, training methods and fuzzy logic for Iran during the years 2005-1995 is therefore estimated from the statistics presented in the HDI inputs and variables collected in the form of fuzzy logic and the estimated Finally, the present status of the human development approach the desired parameters, are discussed.