Quine selects the scope of prediction and test of research in. In ' evidence' chapter he says that the forming of the critical systems starts with the stimulus of the senses, which gives us, the observation sentences. The observation categoricals are deduced from them. Tests are on the basis of these categoricals. He says he does not believe in the Cartesian scientific certainty, and then mentions his' theory of naturalized Epistemology' as an alternative way

Among sources for deduction of Islamic law, Quran, due to its immunity and definite authenticity, has a central and more important role than other sources and in addition to different doctrinal, liturgical, ethical and political matters a considerable attention has been paid to legal matters including the matter of civil responsibility. Among different matters of civil responsibility referred to in the Quran some verses provide a number of bases and Evidences in the area responsibility among which prohibition of oppression, prohibition of causing loss to others, prohibition of taking possession of others unlawfully and the necessity of respecting physical, financial and spiritual rights of people can be considered Quranic bases of civil responsibility.

Investigation of the morphological Evidences on the quaternary glacial of Iran has been of interest to many researches. However, the origin of such studies can be attributed to Domorgan (1890) and Bobek (1955). In the same vein, over the past ten years, Iranian researchers have conducted deeper studies on the changes in the climatic conditions of Iran in the quaternary. The analysis of the obtained climatic data currently registered in Iran, on one hand, and the existence of locations with remarkable differences in terms of temperature with adjacent regions, on the other, have attracted the attention of geomorphologists to such areas, as well as to their distribution in Iran. It is evident that, by focusing on the estimated environmental temperature, one can guess that these areas have also had greater temperature characteristics during the cold periods in the past relative to their adjacent regions. The regions which show greater temperature than their adjacent areas are called cold troughs. If the annual temperature of these cold troughs is less than 5°C and their surfaces are flat, then we can formulate a hypothesis for the existence of ice capes. This paper aimed at identifying the cold troughs in Iran and investigating their geomorphic characteristics in order to find Evidences on the possibility of the existence of previous ice caps in these areas. The results revealed, for the first time, the presence of ice caps evidence over Namdan Plain.      

The commentary on Kasbfol-Asrar Va'datol-Abrar, better known as Khajeh Abdollah Anssari's Commentary is the most eloquent gnostic commentary which has the attractive robe of the Persian Literature on its body. This commentary which was composed in the style of the common commentators is a memorial from the beginning of the sixth lunar century (520 of Hejira). One of the stylistic characteristics of this commentary which doubles its sweetness is its reference to the beautiful and subtle Arabic and Persian poetry. This commentary contains about eight hundred distiches of Arabic poems appropriate with the situation and discourse, which can be analyzed under the categories of syntax, word, reading, eloquency, religion, literature, history, and... Writer of this article with his insignificant capability has managed to translate and explain the sources and documentations of the poetical syntactic Evidences in Kashfol-Asrar, and God willing, he hopes that in the future issues he would be able to present the remaining categories to the dear learned readers. In conclusion the writer hopes that erudite readers would kindly neglect any error and fault which they observe.

One of the main issues that are considered judicially in the recent years is competence and incompetence of women adjudication responsibility. Most jurists accept the condition of being male to judge. But this is the issue that its dossier of scientific review is open based on standards of legal issues. In jurisprudence, most jurists adjudge that condition of judgeship is being male. Those jurists referred to Quran, Tradition, Consensus and Wisdom to confirm their viewpoints. But in jurisprudence, there is contrary viewpoint. It predicates women judgeship is absolutely prohibited unless under certain circumstances. In this article, the author analyses Evidences of women judgeship prohibition. Here, all the talk I review is that there is no reason to prohibit absolutely women judgeship.

Ascertaining competency of government officials to take responsibility and its urgency has always been a challenging and significant issue for the Islamic Republic. There is discord among thinkers who is competent enough to take responsibility. Some see ascertaining competency a legitimate right of the government, some attribute such right to people, while others like Imam Khomeini argue it is both the right of the government and the people. The principal questions this paper intends to answer are the following: How the competency of agents, their qualifications, authorization, viewpoints, and Evidences for and against them can be ascertained in view of Imam Khomeini? Are there any Quranic verses, traditions, presumptions and practical codes of conduct to signify ascertainment of competency? To find appropriate answers to these questions, we have resorted to a descriptive-analytical method to review Imam Khomeini’s views and arguments, Evidences and presumptions. The findings indicate that resorting to reason, logical and consistent usages, and in the absence of evidence, resorting to practical codes of conduct and jurisprudential principles can, in their capacity, push aside standing obstacles to competency, in some cases, attest to competency, that is compatible with Imam Khomeini’s views.

Concepts are considered as the tools of political analysis, and without recognition of the concepts, particularly the concept of state, there is no possibility for us to have knowledge of the world of politics. Parallel to the external developments, concepts are also growing fatter and more dynamic in modern age. This development may be explained through two approaches: approach of interpretive sciences and approach of political thought. In the first approach, methods such as hermeneutics, modern phenomenology, linguistics, discourses and signifier-signified position, semiology, chronology and foundation breaking are employed. In this approach development in concepts is taken for granted.In the secondapproach, there is a kind of similarity between the ways of development in the concepts of the politics and the concept of state.This article discusses the matter of multilinear relation between concepts and Evidences in political thought.

In this article, we use a measure of expected true evidence for determine the required sample size in type-II censored experiments for obtaining statistical evidence in favor of one hypothesis about the exponential mean against another.