Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is second important crop in rain fed areas of Iran. The areas under cultivation of this crop is about 700000 ha annually. Present investigation carried out to determine high seed yield chickpea varieties with high adaptation for different rain fed areas of Iran. In this study 14 chickpea lines and varieties along with a check variety (Jam) were cultivated in randomized complete block design with 4 replications in 5 areas viz., Kermanshah, llam, Uromieye, Gachsaran and Gorgan during 19982002. There was not information for all 5 areas in 4 years so the combination of locations and years was called as environment and totally 15 environments were studied. Bartllet test showed heterogeneity of error variances among environments so, 15 environments were divided to 3 groups so that in each group there was homogenity in error variances. Combined analysis for yield showed that in group 1, 2 and 3 the genotype environment interaction was significant. Stability analysis by Ebrthart and Russel method showed that ILC482, Flip 84-42 and Flip 84-80 had high seed yield more than check and regression coefficient in these genotypes were near to 1. Among these 3 genotypes ILC482 showed the highest stability with high seed yield. This line was recommended for Gorgan and Gachsaran. In group 3 Flip 86-50, Flip 84-42 and Flip 90-96 had high seed yield with regression coefficient near to 1. Among these 3 lines Flip 84-42 showed the highest stability with high seed yield. This line recommended for Kermanshah, llam and Uromieye. In group 1 this line showed also high seed yield in this group.

AbstractBackground and objectives: Flowering time is one of the key developmental stages in determining the adaptation and grain yield of wheat and in this regard, management of planting date and cultivar, which leads to more matching the important developmental stage of flowering with the optimal flowering period, is very important in determining wheat grain yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenological adaptation and its effect on grain yield of wheat cultivars with different seed densities under DRYLAND pending cultivation conditions (conditions that plant emergence occurs after the end of winter cold; entezari in persion) in cold regions.Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the compatibility and determine the grain yield potential of DRYLAND wheat cultivars in the pending conditions of cold regions, an experiment was carried out during two years of 2019-2020 in two DRYLAND research stations of Shirvan and Sisab in North Khorasan province in the form of split plots in a completely randomized block design with three replications. In this experiment, DRYLAND spring, facultative and winter wheat cultivars were evaluated as main plot and five densities of 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 seeds/m2 were evaluated as sub-plots. Results: Evaluation of developmental stages showed that cultivation in this condition, in first year none of wheat cultivars pollinated in optimal flowering period but spring cultivars passed the critical flowering stage earlier and closer to the optimal flowering period than winter cultivars in both years. The results showed that there in first year, yield difference of cultivars was significant and winter wheat cultivar of Sadra with 1524 kg/ha had the lowest grain yield and grain yield of other cultivars varied in the range of 1880-2110 kg/ha but their difference was not significant. In second year, the difference in grain yield of cultivars was not significant but percentage of grain sieving as a grain quality index in this year, showed a significant difference and, in this regard, spring cultivars showed superiority over winter cultivars so that the highest rate of this trait was observed in spring Aseman cultivar (86%) and the lowest rate was observed in Baran winter cultivar (52%). Grain yield was not affected by seed density but at low seed densities (150 and 200 seeds/m2) coverage of the soil happened with delay. Conclusion: Based on the results, spring wheat cultivars of Aseman and Karim are recommended for pending cultivation in cold area, especially cold and low rainfall area, however, research is needed to achieve more compatible and more productive cultivars for these conditions. Desirable seed density of wheat cultivars for sowing in DRYLAND pending conditions will be 250-300 seeds/m2.

Energy method of evaluation is widely employed in analyzing problems associated with sustainable agriculture. In this study, energy ratio (ER) of DRYLAND wheat for three regions of Eghlid township was quantified. The total croppingarea of Eghlid is nearly 8282 hectares comprised of: Khosrowshirin (5000 ha), Sedeh (1682 ha) and Dezhkord (1600 ha). The corresponding values of wheat yield in these subareas are 1, 1.02 and 0.9 ton/ha, respectively. In this township, DRYLAND cropping is performed via two methods: mechanized (using moldboard plow and then deep seed drilling) vs semi-mechanized (manual seed broadcasting, or using a "seed broadcaster and then applying the moldboard plow). In this study, the' equivalent energy inputs and outputs for either one of the methods was evaluatted or then the corresponding energy ratio determined. Inputs were: fertilizer, seed, pesticide, fuel, equipment, labor, while outputs being grain yield and straw. Grain energy ratio for Khosrowshirin, Sedeh" and Dezhkord were obtained as 1.068, 1.19 and 0.91, respectively, while the corresponding values related to both grain and straw (total biological output) were 1.61, 1.80 and 1.36; respectively. Consequently, for the township, the corresponding mean values related to grain vs both grain and straw were calculated as 1.06 and 1.60, respectively. Input energy of DRYLAND wheat was found to be 12.49 GJ/ha and total output energy (grain and straw) was 20.056 GJ/ha leading to the net energy gain (NEG) of 7.54 GJ/ha. Mean values of fertilizer, fuel seed, equipment, pesticide, and labor were becomes evident 57.5%, 28.4%, 12.1%, 1.25%, 0.38%, and 0.02%, " respectively. It becomes evident that the input items fertilizer and fuel have dedicated to themselves the highest values of energy consumption the magnitudes of which should be optimized for implementation of an efficient management. Improportionate consumption of these inputs not only increases the production costs involved but also adds to the pollution of the atmosphere, soil and water resources as well.

Selection of suitable species of forage crops along with cultivation package is a critical decision For developing of forage crops in the rainfed conditions. Overall researches on forage crop at DRYLAND condition during last 15 years (2003-2018), accessions of indigenous and exotic germplasm of three grass pea species, two field pea, six vetch species and 15 annual medics have been evaluated at research stations of DRYLAND Agricultural Research and suitable species along with superior genotypes for different agro-ecological zones have been identified. Maragheh vetch with 2. 5 t/ha mean dry biomass, was released for moderate and warm areas of Iran. Golsefid and Lamei form Hungarian vetch and Golshan from winter vetch with 3 t/ha dray biomass yield are suitable for fall planting at cold and moderate DRYLAND areas and also Toloa was released with 2. 8 t/h dry biomass yield for warm draland areas. Despite the superiority vetchs at cold and fall planting, it was evident that tolerance to drought condition in grasspea was more than vetch and some good promising lines for grasspea are under releasing. In addition to suitable forage cultivars for increasing yields, different mix culture systems like legume-cereal and also legume-legume was evaluated under DRYLAND conditions, which increased the dry biomass yield up to 6 t/ha with maraghe vetch + barely and at least 20% more dry fodder yield at legume-legume mix culture. Iranian annual medics showed poor performance in rainfed conditions in spite of cold tolerance presence in some species.

The large variation of rainfall from one year to another, it's variable distribution and delayed fall's effective rain, are the weather characteristics of rainfed farming area in Maragheh.In such condition a proper scheduling for one or two single supplementary irrigation could have produced a significant difference in crop production.In order to study the effects of single irrigation (during planting & flowering stages 50 mm in each) on yield of 4 varieties of wheat (sabalan cross, Anza cross, Azar2 and sabalan), an experiment was conducted during 1996-1998 in Maragheh station.The amount of rainfall was 351 and 202 mm respectively. Irrigation system was adjustable sprinkler. All wheat varieties showed positive reaction to single irrigation in planting time, but Azar-2 and sabalan cross wheat varieties showed the most in both years with about 1000kg.ha-1 yield increase to a total of2.5 ton. Ha-1. Since Azar -2 had high yield increase in both single irrigation management in planting and flowering stages, it was recommended as the favorable variety.

The presesnt study was conducted for 3 years in Maragheh Agricultural Research Station to determine the effect of fertilizer placement in different depths of soil on wheat grain yield in DRYLAND. For this purpose a modified cereal drill for DRYLAND condition, Kesht Gostar, was selected and used to find out the effect of separating seed and fertilizer on wheat yield. This trial was carried out by 7 methods of fertilizer application in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications. According to the results, placement of fertilizer 9 cm below the seed gave significantly higher yield (1.9 tha-1) as compared with 1.3 tha-1 of the check, where seeds and fertiiizer were placed together. Also number of spike per square meter at fertilizer placement of 9 cm below seed was more than others, and correlation between number of spike and grain yield was significant (r= 0.76), low output of mixture application of seed and fertillizer, might be due to low moisture contents in the seed bed, where high osmotic pressure effect could damage seeds germination.

Since the majority of DRYLAND farming area in eastern Azerbaijan is devoted to wheat production, therefore, climate zoning of DRYLAND wheat was set as the goal of this research.  For this reason long term climatic data of 39 meteorological stations inside the province and 7 synoptic stations out of the province were used. The most proper planting date was suggested based on the commencement of rainy season in each part of the province, and the different growth stages of DRYLAND wheat were determined.  Using the precipitation data, the climatic isohyetal maps of the following were derived: annual rain, rain during germination, rain during flowering, and rain during seed filling stage. In addition, using temperature data the climatic isothermal maps for germination, thermal stress during flowering and seed filling stages were developed for the province. Finally, these maps were compiled in GIS and afterward the climatic zoning of DRYLAND wheat was derived. The areas with no potential of wheat DRYLAND farming were omitted. The final map showed the most appropriate, appropriate, medium, and poor climatic zoning. The zoning in the map indicated that areas in the north part of the province had the most appropriate climatic conditions for DRYLAND farming. The concentration of medium to poor climatic zoning was located in a strip which was stretched from east to west part of the province.

Lentils are one of the most important legumes, which have a high amount of protein and vitamins A and B, fiber, potassium and iron, and are an inexpensive food for low-income people. The objective of this study was the determination of variability, heritability, correlations between yield and yield components in 14 Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) genotypes using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that secondary stem per plant and productivity degree had the highest GCV and PCV but the lowest GCV and PVC was found for a number of pod/ m2 and number of the plant. Maximum heritability was estimated for 100-seed weight, number two-seed pod, biological yield, grain yield, productivity degree and plant height respectively. The high genetic advance and heritability were observed for the number of the two-seed pod and biological yield. The phenotypic correlation revealed that rainwater productivity, biological yield and plant height had the greatest, positive and significant association with seed yield. By performing path analysis based on stepwise regression, rainwater productivity had the most direct effect on seed yield, while the number of secondary stems per plant through rainwater productivity had the most indirect and negative effect on seed yield. That means with increasing number of the secondary stem, rainwater productivity is decreased which results in reduced grain yield. As a result, it was concluded that rainwater productivity and biological yield can be good selection criteria for improving seed yield per plant in Lens culinaris.