Tumor detection and isolation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a significant consideration, but when done manually by people, it is very time consuming and may not be accurate. Also, the appearance of the tumor tissue varies from patient to patient, and there are similarities between the tumor and the natural tissue of the brain. In this paper, we have tried to provide an automated method for diagnosing and displaying brain tumors in MRI images. Images of patients with glioblastoma were used after applying pre-processing and removing areas that have no useful information (such as eyes, scalp, etc.). We used a bounding box algorithm, to create a projection for to determining the initial range of the tumor in the next step, an artificial bee colony algorithm, to determine an initial point of the tumor area and then the Grow cut algorithm for, the exact boundary of the tumor area. Our method is automatic and extensively independent of the operator. comparison between results of 12 patients in our method with other similar methods indicate a high accuracy of the proposed method (about 98%) in comparison s.

Objective(s): To determine application of the PRECEDE model for increasing coping behaviors against anxiety in Tehran firemen.Methods: This was a quasi experimental study. 118 firemen (59 in experimental group and 59 in control group) from Tehran fire stations were selected as the subjects of the study through a multistage sampling. Data collection tool was a questionnaire developed by author including demographic characteristics and PRECEDE model components.Results: Comparing to the control group, after educational intervention in the study group, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, self efficacy (predisposing factors), skill of the relaxation (enabling factor), behavior increased significantly (P<0.0001) and use of 3 educational resources (enabling factor) in area of relaxation increased significantly (P<0.03). Also, verbal persuasion and positive experiences after doing relaxation (reinforcing factors) were reported by experimental group.Conclusion: The finding of the study illustrates effective application of PRECEDE model in increasing predisposing, enabling, reinforcing factors and coping behaviors against anxiety in Tehran firemen.

Objective(s): To examine effect of an educational intervention on depression and quality of life in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study of 54 patients after bypass surgery in the Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center. The patients randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Primarily Cardiac Depression Scale was used to measure depression. In addition, a PRCEDE-based educational questionnaire and the end SF-36 questionnaire were used. The intervention group received a PRCEDE Model educational package up four months.Results: After education the mean score of Predisposing factors, Enabling factors, Reinforcing factors and self-helping behaviors increased significantly in the intervention group as compared to the control group (P<0.001). The mean score of depression in control group (M=104.5, SD=30.4) and intervention group (M=112.8, SD=21.9) decreased significantly, but this effect was more pronounced in intervention group (M=66.2, SD=22 vs M=89.2, SD=27.8). Also the significant differences in quality of life between two groups were seen in physical functioning (P<0.04), role emotional (P<0.01) and mental component summary (P<0.04).Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that the PRCEDE Model was effective educational intervention in reducing depression and enhancing quality of life in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery.

Lymphangiomas are rare congenital malformations, commonly seen in the head and neck region in 90% of cases They are uncommon, hamartomatous, congenital malformations of the lymphatic system that involve the skin and subcutaneous tissue and account for 4% of all vascular tumors and approximately 25% of all benign vascular tumors in children. The most common sites are the head and neck, followed by the proximal extremities, the buttocks, and the trunk. However, they sometimes can be found in the intestines, pancreas, and mesentery.

Preimplantation genetic DIAGNOSIS (PGD) is an evolving technique that provides a practical alternative to prenatal DIAGNOSIS and termination of pregnancy for couples who are at substantial risk of transmitting a serious genetic disorder to their offspring. Since the first application of PGD in 1989, it has been expanded in scope and applications. Fluorescence in situ hybridization has been introduced for the analysis of chromosomes and PCR for the analysis genes for in cases of monogenic disorders. PGD involves assisted reproductive technologies even though most couples undertaking it are fertile. Early PGD protocols used blastomer biopsied from cleavage stage embryos but testing of first and second polar bodies is now a routine alternative, and blastocyst biopsy can also be used. More recently, FISH technology has been harnessed to provide PGD-AS, or aneuploidy screening, with the aim of replacing euploid embryos and increasing pregnancy rates in groups of women who have poor IVF success rates. More recent application of PGD in areas such as HLA typing and social sex selection have stoked public controversy and concern, while providing interesting ethical debates and keeping PGD firmly in the public eyes. Here, we provide and overview of indications for, techniques used in, some advantage and disadvantages of PGD.

on chest X-ray there are calcified lesions on hilar regions of both lungs; lesions that inalicates the presence of old heald granulomatous disease.The patient has immigrated from Afghanistan, where tuberculosis is a common problem of people, the patient has hyponatremia a finding more common in T.B. meningitis so another L.P was performed and CSF was sent for Stewart, PCR assay and culture for tuberculosis in the second CSF exam. The level of protein had increased (350 mg/dl) while CSF glucose decreased and a shifting CSF, PMN to lymphocyte were reported.Anti tuberculosis drugs were initiated (INH, RMP, PZP, ETB) and blood gasometric test, PPd and B.A. lavage for B.K performed, in the third hospital day, febrile agglutination tests, L.F.T, kidney function tests were performed and dark field illumination test of centrifuged CSF was done and it was negative. Cold agglutination assay and standard tube test for brucella, both of them were negative too. Headache in-patients thought to have tuberculosis should always raise the possibility of T.B meningitis. In the early stage of disease headache and fever may be the only symptoms. Analysis of CSF usually shows lymphocytic pleocytosis.Hypoglycorochia is present in approxinately 70% of cases. Smears of CSF are rarely positive in TB meningitis. CSF, PCR assay for BK was positive, but blood cultures sputum culture and CSF culture were all negative. After starting anti TB drugs additional treatment with dexamethasori and pyridoxine, the situation of patient gradually because better and after 4 weeks hospitalization he was discharged and ased him to come back to outpatient clinic for control of treatment of T.B.