نادرستOrientalists have used an argument called the argument of silence in the DATING of hadiths. This argument has caused a great deal of controversy and has led to criticism from Orientalists such as Shakht and Yanbal by Muslim and Western critics. What is challenging in this regard and a place for reflection is the great similarity of the argument of silence of Western hadith scholars with the rule of "Law Kana Laban" of Shiite jurists. The present article has analyzed the dimensions of these two arguments by comparatively studying the argument of silence of Western hadith scholars and the rule of "Law Kana Laban" of Shiite jurists. In the argument of silence, the condition is related to the author's condition, but in the rule of "Lu Kan Kan Laban", the condition is determined based on the type of problem - public affliction. In both arguments, the significance of the issue lies in the context. There is also the condition of not hindering registration and publicity in both arguments; However, it is not specified in the argument of silence. These two arguments are effective in DATING and valiDATING hadiths, provided that the conditions for each are met.

Considering the importance of the Quranic manuscripts as objective documents in the Quran’ s history studies, verifying the date and history of old Qurans in the early Islamic centuries can be a strong evidence for researchers and impact theorizing the history of the Quran. Recently, C14 experiments on old manuscripts and presenting the results in the media have made a new revolution in the Quranic manuscript researches. In this paper, we discuss the principles and methods of determining the date of an old object using C14 radiocarbon and express the restrictions, weaknesses and strengths of this method. We also analyze the results of the radiocarbon DATING of the various fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls and ancient Quranic manuscripts such as Sanaa, Birmingham, and etc. We aim to show that carbon DATING is such a powerful method for determining the age of the objects specifically old manuscripts that we can be sure about the history of an object with one or two centuries accuracy. However, it is not right to rely on these results unconditionally and non-conservatively, because the existence of unknown parameters and a margin of uncertainty in the results of this method leads to inaccuracy of the obtained results. For example, this method may not be able to determine whether a manuscript belongs to before or after 'Uthman era which is an important issue in studying the history of Quran.

AbstractAmong the well-known heroic long poems, there are two called Faramarznameh, the first one the big Faramarznameh and the second one the small Faramarznameh. The editors of both texts have dated them as belonging to the fifth and the sixth centuries A.H., respectively. But in both works there are signs that are not compatible with these claimed dates. These signs have not yet been fully studied, but have attracted the attention of some researchers to some extent. In this article, after mentioning the opinions of researchers about the antiquity of the two works and evaluating the related arguments and documents, focusing on the language of these two poems, it is shown that neither of these two works can be regarded from pre-Mongol texts. In both works, the use of some words and grammatical constructions, especially phonetic features, along with some other linguistic and literary characteristics, leads the researcher to believe that the DATING of both should be reconsidered and as a result, both of them should attributed to the eighth century A.H. or even afterwards.

IntroductionDATING is a new title that has entered the field of Quran and Islamic Hadith by orientalists. Since the followers of the Sunni comprise a larger part of the geography of Islam, Orientalists are often faced with Sunni sources, therefore, the methods of DATING in hadith are based on Sunni traditions. Orientalists look at hadith as a historical source and try to find historical points about it by determining the date of issuance of the tradition. Due to the existence of multiple texts and Isnad for each of the Sunni traditions, which is the dominant feature of their traditions, Orientalists have developed methods for DATING, that these methods in some cases leads to criticism or a better understanding of the traditions. Therefore, it seems that one should also think about DATING in Shia traditions.Materials and MethodsSome orientalists have tried to compare the features of existing texts for a tradition to obtain the course of text changes and obtain the original text of the tradition. Some have also considered the characteristics of the sanad and by determining the “common link” that can be determined according to the many ways of the tradition sanad, they have tried to estimate the date of the tradition, which is often attributed to the common link or its sheikhs. According to the first source that contains the text of the tradition, a group has started to determine the date of issuance. Finally, some people have considered a new way to determine the date of issuance of a tradition by paying attention to the multiple texts and Isnad of a tradition. Among the DATING methods, DATING based on the Isnad as well as DATING based on the analysis of the text and the Isnad together have received more attention due to being more methodical, which is based on the phenomenon of the common link in the sanad as well as the multiplicity of texts of traditions. This feature does not exist in Shia traditions because the process of issuing and compiling Shia traditions is different due to historical reasons and often lacks multiple sanads or multiple texts for one tradition. Therefore, DATING methods are not applicable in Shia traditions.On the other hand, one should not simply ignore the DATING of hadith in Shia traditions because its benefits are undeniable in some works done in Sunni traditions. Therefore, a way to achieve these benefits and results must be found in Shia traditions.Results and DiscussionOrientalists in the field of the Qur'an have also begun DATING, the purpose of which is to determine the date of revelation of each paragraph of the Qur'anic verses, and due to its connection with the events of the Prophet's time, this determination of the date leads to a more accurate and clear interpretation of the verses. Two common features between Shia traditions and Quranic verses led this research to a method for DATING Shia hadith that can bring us closer to the motivations and benefits of the Orientalist DATING method. One of these two characteristics is the gradualness of the issuance of Shia traditions during the period of the presence of the Imams (as), similar to the revelation of the verses that continued throughout the life of the Prophet (pbuh), and the other is the continuity and coordination of the issuance of the traditions with the events of the period of the presence of the Imams, such as the revelation of the verses of the Qur'an were in harmony with the events of the life of the Prophet (pbuh). Therefore, it seems that the way to be followed in the DATING of Shia traditions should be similar to the DATING method of the Orientalists in the Qur'an. Therefore, this research suggests the method of rereading Shia traditions based on the date of issuance. Although the Shiite scholars have been paying attention to the date of issuance of traditions for a long time, in practice, they have considered it only in special cases, and in most cases, this point has been neglected. While it should be kept in mind that the tradition of each imam (as) was not issued spontaneously but was based on the traditions from his fathers. Therefore, it is necessary to re-read and pay attention to the Shia traditions in the order of their issuance date.In the method of rereading Shia traditions based on the date of issuance, several steps must be taken in Shia traditions. First of all, since the transmitter have been committed to identify the infallible imam (as) from whom the tradition is heard or transmitted, his traditions on a subject should be arranged in the order of the date of issue. In the second stage, one should try to arrange the traditions of each imam (as) in terms of the date of issuance, which is very difficult Because the transmitters have not been committed to mention the date and other details related, and perhaps ignoring it will not create a problem, Finally, according to the historical order of issuance, the traditions of a subject should be examined and with this precision, we may look for new points and a new understanding of the traditions.ConclusionSince the Shia traditions were issued gradually and during the lifetime of Fourteen Infallibles (as) and it is similar to the gradual revelation of the Quran, it seems that the benefits of the Qur'an DATING method can also be followed in the Shia traditions. Because the DATING of the Qur'an seeks to give a clearer interpretation of the verses by considering the connection between the revelation of the verses and the events of the era of revelation. According to the long period of the presence of the infallible Imams (as), the Shia traditions were issued gradually and during the ups and downs of their contemporary societies. Therefore, it is expected that the study of the texts and content of these traditions according to the historical order of issuing hadiths will lead us to a better understanding of them. This method faces some difficulties. The phenomenon of taqiyyah in Shia hadiths, as well as the possibility of errors by the transmitters of Shia hadiths and the existence of fabricated traditions may cause difficulties in the process of rereading.

About two centuries after the appearance of Islam, the production of potteries were gradually changing through Islamic world. At eastern parts these changes were taking place coincident with Iranian movements and establishment of independent dynasties such as Tahirids and Samanids. The most important contribution of Samanid artists in Islamic pottery-making was the invention and completion of the Slip-painted wares. By means of such variety of decorative patterns like abstract, geometric, vegetarian & figurative patterns & calligraphy, this art not only affected from sasanian art, chinese and abbasid wares but also presented creative and artistic types during the history of Islamic pottery production. Archaeological evidence introduce Nishapur and Afrasiab (old Samarkand) as the main centers of the most interesting Slip-painted ceramics and also central Asia, Great Khurasan, sistan, parts of southern region of Caspian sea and Kirman as the area in which this kind of ceramics developed. This is obvious that development of Slip-painted potteries were in the lands which were under dominance of samanids; It means that the production of Slip-painted wares widespread from central and southern Iran eastward deep into central Asia and not considerably in central and western of Iran. Producing a large amount of these ceramics began during 9th century A.D (3th century A.H) and it reached its climax in 10th century A.D (4th century A.H). During 11th century A.D (5th century A.H) when the usage of alkaline glaze, Stone-paste for ceramic body were common and also the transmission of political, cultural and artistic centers from east to central parts of Iran, the production of Slip-painted potteries decreased qualitatively and restricted to regional centers and their production are forgotten gradually. This study is based on descriptive- analytical method and the gathering of data is done in the method of documentary & follow the purposes such as typology, Recognizing the widespread regions and accessing to definite DATING for these kind of potteries.