Surgical and prosthodontic implant complications are often the case of inadvertent improper diagnosis, planning, and placement. These complications always pose a significant challenge in implant dentistry. In this article, it is attempted to depict a new technique in which advanced software program along with newly developed CAD/CAM technology called rapid prototyping will be used. This technology permits graphic and complex 3D nimplant simulation and then fabrication of Computer-generated surgical templates. The best position of implants planned at first by taking into consideration of encased bone density of each implants and then existing occlusion. In this paper, the evolution of Computer Guided Implantology and the many benefits achieved from this very sophisticated technology described as a literature review.

Background: Use of Computer has been increased during the recent years. There are numerous factors affecting Computer use in different organizations, while user’s involvement is among the most common influencing issues. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between Computer user involvement and Computer attitude and anxiety in community health centers. Materials and methods: It was a descriptive study. Totally, 319 nurses and staff working in community health centers were included. Data were collected using a questionnaire composed of 3 parts: Computer users' involvement, attitude towards the Computer, and Computer anxiety. Results: Results showed that most of the respondents, 86.8% were women and 11.6% were men. Most of the male candidates (42.9%) aged 45-54 years while most of the females (42.1%) aged 35-44 years. Users' involvement induce a positive attitude towards the Computer (p<0.0001). Indeed, users' involvement could increase positive attitude toward Computer for patient care and patient confidentiality and can reduce Computer anxiety (p<0.05). Results have revealed that in the pretest analysis, most of the subjects had a moderate attitude and knowledge, however, following the education, most of the cases acquired suitable attitude and knowledge (p<0.001), while the differences among controls were not statistically significant. Conclusion: For providing successful implementation and development of Computerized information systems, user’s involvement is an important issue. Therefore, this factor should be considered by managers.

The crime of Computer fraud is one of the most important Computer crimes. This crime like the crime of classic fraud is one of the crimes against property. Any kind of fraud committed by Computer is not called Computer fraud, because the criminals use the Computer as a tool for committing both classic fraud and Computer fraud. The Computer fraud and classic fraud are different in actus reus. Such a difference has caused that the acts ruling on classic fraud are not applicable for Computer fraud.Considering the international aspect of Computer crimes, some international regional and global organizations have presented definitions for the crime of Computer fraud and have recommended to their members to consider them for criminalization. In Iran, Computer fraud in the field of electronic interchanges has criminalized, but not in the other fields. Lack of paying attention to technical issues related to Computer fraud by Iranian legislators has caused some technical problems in article 67 of electronic commercial code. The articles of draft of Computer crimes act have some technical problems too and the provider of this draft could not criminalize Computer fraud correctly either.Considering the international aspect of Computer fraud, the Iranian legislator should use the international experiences in criminalizing crime.

The worldwide rapid growth in production and consumption of Computers, have created special refuses. These refuses are categorized as hazardous wastes due to their human health risks and environmental hazards. The lead used in CRTs and soldering of Computer printed circuit boards, the cadmium used in Computer chips, the Mercury used in sensors, switches, discharge lamps and batteries, PVC used in the equipments and brominated flame relardants are only a few various applicated elements and compounds in Computers. Many of these compounds pose high potential risks.Each year, in the US. Between 1997 to 2004, about 79000, 130, 26, 70, 257000, 23000 tones of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium, Plastics and brominated flame retardants, have been entered the waste stream from discarded Computers, repectively. Regardless of obsoleted Computers, more than 4.6 million Computers were operating in Iran in 2003. About 1.5 million persons were interenet users in 2003 whereas it is expected to reach 15 million persons in 2006(one thousand percent increase in 3 years). It is anticipated that about 85 million Computers will be used by 2021. It means that about 2.2 millions tones of Computer waste will be generated in this year. In Iran the accumulative amount of Computer waste is about 7.38 million tones in this year. Regarding the rapid growth of Computer industry in Iran, environmental crisis is predictable due to the lack of comprehensive planning and programming of Computer waste management, specially in ten large cities. It is recommended that appropriate organizations such as Department of the Environment become active in creating proper rules, regulations and organizational chart for these important issues.

Computers are used everywhere from home to work these days, thus the effects on the visual system will be more noticeable every day. Problems associated with Computer usage are generally known as the Computer vision syndrome (CVS).These problems include eye fatigue, irritation, redness, blurred vision and dry eye. All of these problems have adverse effects on individuals in the long term and reduce the efficiency and quality of workers. CVS is due to various display characteristics such as screen brightness, high brightness in the workplace, screen refresh rate, radiation, reduced rate of blinking, large eye surface prone to dryness and accommodation effort for close work. Treatment requires a multidirectional approach such as adjustment of the workstation. Proper lighting, anti-glare filters, ergonomic positioning of the monitor and regular work breaks may help improve visual comfort. Lubricating eye drops and special Computer glasses help relieve ocular surface related symptoms. Also the treatment of this syndrome especially in the early stages has successful result, but users that do not know about this problems, tolerate a lot of complications.

This paper deals with issues related to the application of Computer in translation. Different professionals expect the Computer to do various tasks: some expect the Computer to help them save time by playing the role of an intelligent type writer for them; others expect the machine to provide a complete translation of a full text; and hence enable them to totally dispense with the human translator. Since ten years ago, research in hardware and software development has been growing rapidly due to various reasons, notably the mass production of PC's. This trend has helped to increase the hope among some researchers for discovering superior methods of machine translation.While providinga historical background of MT,this paper reviews and surveys different models and methods applied in MT and the problems existing in these methods, developments in Computer technology and software production, as wellas achievements and failures of MT.