The present study is going to illustrate the necessity of exempting the divorce from the private parties' agreement (control) and the important need of the assertion of legal mechanism to access to the specific legal norm in respect of this divorce. It will be suggested with the purpose of the protection of family institution as a social and ethical entity. The present study is a descriptive analytical research. Accordingly the researcher will describe the characteristics of the legal institution of divorce at first and then it will explain the different legal system's attitude to this respect. Afterward the prerequisites and the condition of the validity of this type of divorces in various times will be evaluated. Finally the ambiguity existed regarding to this issue in different legal system will be examined. A legal system in which the family as a social and ethical institution is protected by law will deal with the dissolution of this entity more sensitively and will prevent the inopportune divorces. Consequently this divorce cannot be leaved to the mere agreement of the married couple. This approach will not regard the dissolution of the family as a revocation of private contractor rescission and it will enter in the public domain. The Iranian legal system seems to accept such an attitude. It has not regarded the mere agreements of married couple as a sufficient condition for the termination of marriage contract.Since a lot of inopportune divorces which have been precipitately and unreasonably occurred in the first years after the marriage will threat the family institution, the appropriate law should prevent the adventitious and unreasonable termination of the marriage. As mentioned above the Iranian legal system, in spite of some vagueness’s, has accepted this approach and has limited the autonomy of the married couple in rescission of the marriage contract.

In recent years, limitation of water resources and the increasing trend of population growth cause the quantity issues on water supply. On the other hand, permanent and sudden pollution of waters as a biological threat has always been of high importance, because occurrence of biological pollution in water systems produces national crisis. However, since there are various and contradictory goals and utilities in reservoir systems, making proper decisions considering all aspects is a complex issue. A good strategy to compromise between the contradictory goals and utilities would be conflict resolution methods. To perform this study the allocations of drinking and agricultural waters of the Karaj dam, as one of the most strategic dams in Iran in the case of quality attacks, has been used. In this study, Nash model has been used as the conflict resolution method. According to the results, when there is a decrease in the quality aspects of water, Nash model assigns the priority to the quantity ones and allocates low-quality water to the consumers. Thus, a new conflict resolution method has been developed so that the allocations are modified according to the quality aspects. Thus, low-quality water is less allocated while more allocation is made along with an increase in the quality utility.

This paper presents a wide input voltage range negative impedance converter (NIC) circuit operating in weak inversion. A small signal analysis has been performed, resulting in a circuit model that characterises the input impedance function, Zin(s). A boosted folded cascode (BFC) OTA is presented using the proposed NIC. Incorporating the proposed NIC at the output node of a folded cascode (FC) OTA, the output impedance is increased, resulting in a noticeable improvement in the overall voltage gain without phase margin (PM) degrading. Post-layout simulation is performed using standard 180nm CMOS technology, while the two essential large resistors of the proposed NIC are considered off-chip components. The boosted OTA exhibits a DC gain improvement of 17 dB with no PM degradation over a conventional FC OTA at the expense of 1.5% more power consumption. The proposed NIC circuit can be incorporated easily into any boosted OTA realized by alternative methods. Based on this concept, a double-boosted OTA is also introduced.

Background and Objective: The purpose of this research is the role of deficit irrigation in COMPROMISING environmental – economical goals of cropping pattern in Fars Province.Method: This technique is considered as a strategy to increase profitability. However, in addition to profitability goal, many studies have focused to optimize water and fertilizers consumption as environmental objectives. Current study investigates the rule of deficit irrigation in a model that compromises the economic and environmental objectives. Fasa city in Fars province were selected as the study area since placed in warm climate field and affected by water stress. A Fuzzy nonlinear programming model were used to compromise the goals of maximum gross margin and minimum chemical fertilizer and water consumption for a representative farm in study area. This model was subjected to yield response functions to water and other constraints.Findings: The results showed that the representative farm is inefficient to select cropping pattern in comparison to compromised goals model. This comparison also revealed there is a the possibility for increasing income of representative farm by applying full irrigation to gain potential yield and reducing cultivation area for considering the available water restrictions.Discussion and Conclusion: Although, increasing of gross margin is conflicted by decreasing water consumption and partly by reducing fertilizer use, but generalizing the results of representative farm to the whole city showed that implementation of this model will add the revenues about 94 billion Rials in total area. While the positive environmental outcomes such as reducing about 4.6 million cubic meters of water and 7,246 tons of chemical fertilizer would be the other results of implementing this model.

Background: Couples who are able to compromise again after applying for divorce may have a fragile relationship; therefore, it is necessary to increase the stability and satisfaction of the relationship by identifying the influencing factors. Aim: the present qualitative study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the marital stability and satisfaction of couples who compromise after asking for divorce. Method: The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. The population included all couples who compromised after asking for divorce in Birjand City, and referred to Rah-e-No Counseling Center from 2017 to 2022. Based on the criteria already determined, 7 couples (14 people) were selected via purposive sampling and subjected to semi-structured interviews. It should be noted that the process of selecting samples continued up to theoretical saturation. The obtained data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method and MAXQDA software. Data coding was done using an open, axial, and selective method. Results: The analysis of participants’ experiences revealed 16 sub-themes and 5 main themes, including individual characteristics, interactive/communicative characteristics, family factors, socio-cultural factors and commitment to values. Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that a set of individual, interpersonal, and social factors influence the stability and satisfaction of couples who have compromised after applying for divorce.

Background: Divorce is a social issue, which challenges not only the structure of family but also of a society. Studies have shown that infertility affects the marital boredom. In addition, resilience training and emphasizing on increasing piety (religiousness) can help to decrease this boredom. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the resilience training effects on the COMPROMISING of infertile couples’ applicant for divorce. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 infertile couples who had requested for divorce and referred to the Center for consolidation of the family foundation were enrolled. Participants were randomly divided in two categories (n= 50/each): the case group received some consultation classes on social services as well as resilience training by a consultant in 5 sessions lasting 2 hr. In total, 10 hr of treatment; while the control group just received the consultation and social services. Canner and Davidson questionnaires were utilized as pre-and posttest in both groups. Groups answered the resilience’ s criterion of Canner and Davidson. Results: The resilience training significantly increased the compromises made by couples in the case group compared to the control (p < 0. 01). The results showed that 26% of members of the case group relinquished divorce, while 10% of control group members did the same; this difference was statistically significant (p < 0. 01). Conclusion: The resilience training leads to increased psychological well-being elements and compromises in infertile couples.

Background: Radiotherapy is associated with a high risk of heart disease in patients with left-sided breast cancer. Previously, the entire heart was considered an organ at risk (OAR) during planning. Studies have shown that the effect of radiation therapy depends on the dose to specific heart substructures. However, the tolerance dose of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), an important cardiac substructure, is yet to be determined. This study aims to verify the feasibility of reducing the LAD dose with appropriate dose-volume constraints for patients undergoing left whole-breast radiotherapy, without COMPROMISING the target dose coverage, using tomotherapy techniques.Method: This retrospective study generated tomohelical and tomodirect plans initially without considering the LAD as OAR in the treatment planning. To reduce the LAD dose, plans were regenerated by including the LAD as an OAR with appropriate dose constraints. The dose-volume histogram parameters of these plans were compared with those of the initial plans of the respective types.Results: Tomohelical plans showed a 4.4% reduction in maximum dose and a 3.8% reduction in V15 for LAD, while tomodirect plans registered a 3% reduction in V15, with the conformity index remaining constant. Based on the LAD dosimetric results, considering the LAD as an OAR is associated with lower LAD doses without COMPROMISING the target volume coverage.Conclusion: It is feasible to reduce the LAD dose without COMPROMISING target volume coverage or affecting other OAR doses in patients with left breast cancer, using tomotherapy techniques.