The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family violence against CHILDren (CHILD abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of CHILD abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more CHILDren) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, CHILDren under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of CHILDren and family violence was also defined as violence applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of violence has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren. In other results, it was found that violence-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence and neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren.

Today s city is an environment that in which adults should manage hereditary facilities and talents of CHILDren and this is planners who decide where and how to do that. But, managers and urban planners don’ t pay enough attention to CHILDren and their needs. In this regard, when there is no attention to CHILDren, their software and hard ware needs, so the future of their lives is pndangered. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the CHILD s deprivation in shiraz and the impact of city building elements on moderating the effects of urban deprivation of CHILDren. The research methodology of this paper is descrivptive analytical in parallel.

Background: CHILD Abuse and Neglect (CAN) is a major health problem with serious consequences. Since health CARE professionals play an important role in identification, management, and reporting CAN cases, they should have precise knowledge on this subject. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of the pediatricians, pediatric residents, and nurses regarding CAN issues as well as their possible needs for any educational programs in this regard. Methods: 130 pediatric nurses and physicians working at two pediatric tertiary centers, in Tehran, Iran participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. An anonymous validated and standardized self-report questionnaire was used as the study instrument. The questionnaire consisted of five sections on demographic information, knowledge, attitude, practice and needs assessment. Analytical statistical tests including t-test, Kruskal–, Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The level of the participants’,knowledge was moderate (mean score: 16. 6±, 3. 17) and their attitude towards CHILD abuse and neglect was at a good level (mean score: 45. 72 ±, 4. 25). The results of this study revealed that the overall performance of the participants in dealing with a suspicious case of CHILD abuse and neglect was moderate. Almost all participants (95. 5%) indicated the need for educational programs on CHILD abuse both for nurses and physicians. Conclusion: Results of our study revealed that the overall knowledge, attitude, and practice of the health CARE professionals in the field of pediatrics regarding CHILD abuse and neglect are not satisfactory and training programs on this issue are mandatory for pediatricians, pediatric residents, and nurses due to their serious role in caring for CHILDren.

Hospitalization of CHILD is one of the most stressful events of life for parents and CHILDren. This fear and stress may affect the process of treatment. Since there is no information available about the source of distress and needs of Iranian parents during the inpatient CARE of their CHILDren, we designed a research in order to discover the main source of worries and fears among parents. In this cross-sectional study 120 parents of 88 CHILDren were interviewed by structured questionnaire during the course of events when their CHILD needed inpatient CARE. Twenty close ended questions were asked in order to assess the major source of worries and distress. Factor analyses were used as a statistical test for data analysis. The rotated factors pattern isolated 7 factors that accounted for 61.60% of variances and their factor loading was above 0.5: 1) environment adjustment, 2) lack of prehospitalization program, 3) lack of communication skills of CAREgiver, 4) parental skills, 5) hospitalization expenses, 6) lose of independence and 7) lack of information. Other items of questionnaire were eliminated because their loading factors were less than 0.5. This finding suggests parents’ education before and during the CHILD inpatient CARE as a major need of parents. By parents education there is a chance of reducing their worries and fear and improve their parental skills. Offering prehospitalization programs also provide a good opportunity for parents to ask questions from staff members and may help them to adjust themselves with new environment.

Background & Aims: CHILD Abuse (CA) is a multi-dimensional damage which is emerged and intensified by several elements. CA brings about physical, mental, and social aftermaths for the CHILDren and exposes them to several dangers. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between Substance Abuse and CA in Tehran.Materials & Methods: This study was conducted through a survey, and systematic random sampling method was used. The statistical population of this study was CHILD Abuse in Tehran in 2014-15. The sample population of this study was 273 individuals which were selected using Cochran Sampling Formula among the CHILD Abuse. The questionnaires were also analyzed after investigating validity and reliability of the questions.Results: The findings of this research showed that girls and boys are abused equally. Moreover, as the age of the CHILDren increases, the possibility of being abused increases too. The most common insult was physical and physical-mental abuse. Most of the CHILDren have experienced a combination of physical, mental, and sexual abuse and neglect. Also, findings of this study showed that addiction of the parents was the main element of CA (43% of cases); and there was a significant relationship between parental Substance Abuse and CA. Dependency to methamphetamine was the most common addiction compared to other drugs (83%).Conclusion: Considering these results, the necessity of multi-dimensional planning in individual, family, and social levels and in three preventive phases of first, second and third is needed for effective prevention and appropriate intervening on CA.