Problem Definition: There are different approaches in the study of Islamic art, each of which offers different interpretations of Islamic art. Among these, the historical approach emphasizes the two components of contextualization and interpretation and seeks the genealogy of Islamic art by referring to the characteristics of the historical sequence. Influenced by this point of view, «Sheila Blair» investigates Islamic studies, and the most important orientation of her thought, when dealing with Islamic art, is to pay attention to the historical context in which the work is formed. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the following question: «How can Sheila Blair's method and perspective reveal the understanding and acceptance of Islamic artworks»? Objective: This research aims to pinpoint the historical perspective of Sheila Blair in the identification and reading of inscriptions in Islamic architecture. Research Method: The current research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method and qualitatively analyzed library information and documents. Results: The results show that by using this type of study, it is possible to achieve a specific pattern of establishing the structure of the inscriptions, which is effective in identifying the date of anonymous works. Based on the historicist method, Blair considers Islamic art and architecture as a phenomenon that is the product of historical truth. Based on this, what is important in the first stage of his research method, including in the book entitled «The first inscriptions in the architecture of the Islamic period of Iran», are material and mostly tangible evidence, and mystical, spiritual, and transcendental interpretations have no place in her attitude. Blair considers the main reasons for the presence of religious inscriptions to be their preaching message and, in examining the content of religious inscriptions with an emphasis on historical aspects and a formalistic view, she obtains comprehensive information in this regard. Her research, including the book under review, besides providing a list of the most important inscriptions of the Islamic era of Iran, is a very useful reference for learning how to deal with inscriptions. In general, Blair records the inscriptions with a historical perspective and provides researchers with detailed information on the description of each inscription in terms of content, history, and geography, as well as formal and calligraphic analysis, which reveals a wide range of Islamic artworks for researchers in this field.

Motivation in general and moral motivation, in particular, has been highly-discussed subject among psychologists and philosophers. The question of what mental states necessarily lead to moral behaviors has received various answers. Motivational internalists about moral judgement have argued that moral judgements necessitate moral behaviors. Among them, sensationalists take moral judgements to be expressions of emotions, whereas internalists about moral beliefs entertain the thought that moral judgements are expressions of moral beliefs. On the contrary, motivational externalists about moral beliefs speak of the conceivability of an individual who has a moral belief but due to a lack of desire to act morally, individual is not motivated to act upon her/his belief (the case of amoralist). Furthermore, motivational internalists hold that amoralism is more than a mere intellectual possibility; they take the case of “ psychopathy” as a realization of this abstract possibility. They claim that empirical findings of Blair’ s studies on psychopath prisoners provide counter-evidence to the externalist thought that psychopaths are threats to internalism. Among advocates of motivational internalism, Sinnott-Armstrong has used Blair’ s empirical findings along with a philosophical argument (argument from an analogy between morality and art) to establish that psychopathy is not a threat to internalism. The present study is an attempt to reveal that (a) Sinnott-Armstrong’ s argument is not effective, and (b) motivational internalism relies on a false premise.

Introduction: Campylobacter spp. is the major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, called campylobacteriosis, in the worldwide. Post-infectious complications of this infection are reactive arthritis and Guillain–Barré syndrome. Despite the importance of this infection, the isolation of fastidiousbacteria cannot be performed in most clinical laboratories. The aim this study was to design an alternative transport medium with mCCDA and evaluation the bacteria survival time into this medium, optimization of culture conditions of bacteria and then performance of direct duplex-PCR on colonies and stool samples. Finally, the results of the PCR and culture were compared.Materials and Methods: Fifty eight children suspected to campylobacteriosis were enrolled in this study. Fecal specimens were inoculated in depth inside the altered transport medium with mCCDA and then sent to laboratory. The specimens from transport media were cultured on two media of mCCDA & brucella agar daily and up to 7 days. Each plate was evaluated for bacterial growth up to 72 hours. The duplex-PCR on colonies and stool were carried out directly.Results: Total of isolated bacteria in this study was 9 cases (16%). The colonies were visible on the media after 48 to 72 h. The duplex-PCR assay on colonies detected 8 isolates of C. jejuni and 1 isolate C. coli. The results of the direct duplex-PCR on fecal specimens and cultures were the same.Conclusion: The results indicate that the presented method in this study with sensitivity equal to the PCR is useful for isolation of Campylobacter spp. It seems that using the changed transport medium and optimization of bacterial culture conditions will be isolated these fastidiousbacteria better than basic transport media.

What is the relationship between the doctrine of Tony Blair and America’s invasion of Iraq? This paper tries to answer this question. So, it looks at the American invasion of Iraq and the British response, and argues that Brain always prevails over brawn. United States was and still is a hard power. Britain plays a soft power role in international relations. Britain usually uses the American strength and resources for the benefit of Britain. When the British describe their relations with the United States as “special,” they mean that they have the power to influence and direct US foreign policy. For an understanding of the international politics, we must concentrate on Anglo-Saxon "interdependency" through the "special relationship" which often exists between British Prime Ministers and US Presidents. Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister of the 1940s, Harold Macmillan in the 1960s, Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s and Tony Blair in the 2000s, all had special relationships with their US counterparts. While not always the case, the relationship between Tony Blair, British Prime Minster, and George Bush, American President, was beneficial to British interest and Blair’s doctrine of International Community declared in 1999. it is imperative not only to understand international politics, but also to react properly to international politics. As it has been proven in the Iraq case, Tony Blair manipulated US foreign policy during the George Bush presidency.

British foreign policy at different times can be explained based on different theories of international relations. In the two periods of its military intervention in the Kosovo and Libya wars, the reasons and justifications of the Labour and Conservative governments rely on the theory of the English school of international relations and can be interpreted on this basis. However, the approaches adopted by Tony Blair and David Cameron, influenced by evolving international norms and geopolitical considerations, show continuity and differences in the country's foreign policy. Accordingly, the main question of the research is: What are the reasons for Britain's entry and intervention that led to its performance under NATO missions and reflected the differences in the foreign policy approaches of the two Labour (Tony Blair) and Conservative (David Cameron) parties in the Kosovo and Libya wars? This article is based on the answer to this question and the hypothesis that Britain, during the rule of both the Labour Party and the Conservative Party, justified its entry into the wars in Kosovo and Libya and advanced its national goals by using humanitarian reasons and taking advantage of the capacity of international organizations such as NATO and the Security Council. In order to reach the research question and hypothesis, the English school of international relations is used, and the data of this research, which is the result of analyzing the content of the speeches of the then British prime ministers using MAXQDA software and the Attridge-Stirling method, point to the fact that Britain in both wars was completely based on humanitarian reasons and based on the solidarity principle of the English school, but the Labour Party was more interested in global influence and, in contrast to the Conservative Party, sought to advance diplomacy.

Introduction: Awareness of the species of Shigella has particular importance in the way of dealing with an outbreak, controlling it, and treating patients. The purpose of this study was to use the Multiplex PCR method and comparison with the culture method to detect Shigella species, as well as analysing the antibiotic resistance pattern in its different species. Methods: Simultaneously, the fecal samples of the patients with diarrhea and a sample from each patient in Cary-Blair medium were sent to the laboratory. Cultivation, serotyping, and antibiogram analysis were performed using the samples inoculated in the Cary-Blair medium. DNA extraction of the fecal samples and amplifying of invC, rfc, wbgZ, and rfpB genes were performed. Results: Totally, 300 samples from the patients were analyzed, out of which 240 Shigella isolated (80%) were detected using the culture method and serotyping, and 260 Shigella isolated (86.6%) using the PCR method (Shigella flexneri (77%), Shigella sonnei (19.2%), and Shigella dysenteriae (3.8%)). 20 samples suspicious of Shigella were observed in the culture method but were not identified by serotyping. However, in the PCR assay, they were identified as S. flexneri (n=16) and S. sonnei (n=4). The resistance of Shigella isolated to Co-trimoxazole was observed to be (78.3%), Ceftriaxone (42.5%), Cefixime (42%), Azithromycin (40.7%), Ofloxacin (34.5%), Nalidixic acid (25 %), and Ciprofloxacin (16%). Conclusion: Due to annual outbreaks of various Shigella species in the country, it is recommended that the Multiplex PCR method, be used along with culture method in laboratories to identify Shigella isolated. The antibiogram results showed increasing resistance of Shigella to the available antibiotics.

Background: Pregnancy luteoma is a rare non neoplastic condition of the ovary. It is usually asymptomatic and found incidentally during imaging in pregnancy or during cesarean section. Pregnancy luteoma can also occur after ectopic pregnancy.Case Presentation: A 30 year old female presented to G.B. Pant Hospital, Andaman and Nicobar Islands institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair in October 2015 with abdominal pain. After initial investigations, exploratory laporotomy was done for ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Enlarged ovary was removed along with the ruptured portion of fallopian tube. Histopathological examination revealed solid aggregates of large cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm; diagnosis of pregnancy luteoma was given.Conclusion: It must be considered in the differential diagnosis of ovarian masses in pregnant females that early diagnosis of this entity may avoid unnecessary radical surgery.

The present study was conducted to assess the levels of awareness and sensitivity of forest dwellers on the northern forest issues in drainage basin number 53 located in Amol city (Blair forests). The study method in this study was the descriptive-analytical method through documentary research and field study. The statistical population of the study included 100 rural households in the forest basin as well as passengers (tourists) and a random sampling method with a questionnaire was used to collect data. The reliability of the measuring instrument was confirmed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0. 78). The main results of the study showed that the level of awareness for the benefits and environmental role of northern forests was 89. 9% and the level of awareness for the economic benefits was 77. 7% and was high. This study also showed that people's interaction with the region's forests is not very satisfactory.

Different approaches were taken by scholars in the field of Islamic art studies, each placing their reliance on different concepts. In the meanwhile, historicism is based on two elements of embeddedness and interpretation. In this approach, the center of gravity of studies corresponds to understanding the cultural concepts of objects and the architectural works in the specific time and place embed of producing these works, hence the factors, roots, and embeds of the realization of Islamic art is historically studied and its meaning is investigated as interpretation. Some critics' misinterpretations about the historical approach to Islamic art studies led to the concept and semantic confusion in this approach, therefore, the present study mainly concerns about providing a clear definition of the concept of historicism and its methodology through introducing and criticizing one of the most prominent works written by this approach. The Book of "The Ilkhanid Shrine Complex at Natanz, Iran", written by Sheila Blair is a striking example of the historicism approach that is of particular importance in terms of the methodological understanding of such studies.