Zinc oxide nanoparticles are one of the known safe compounds, and their low toxicity makes them suitable for waste water remediation. An environment-friendly approach of synthesizing nanoparticles is the use of plant extracts which are rich sources of phytochemicals as reducing agents. In this research, aqueous extracts of four different plants’,leaves were analyzed and found to contain anthocyanins, steroids, phenolics, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Optimization study prepared the precursors (zinc salt and plant extracts) in varying volume-ratios of 1: 1, 1: 2 and 2: 1,a higher yield was observed for the ratio 1: 1 having calculated percentage yields of 50. 0 %, 64. 1 %, 21. 8 %, and 68. 0 % for leaves of guava, tropical almond, lemon, and Mexican a, respectively. The TEM characterization of these biosynthesised nanoparticles have sizes in the range 0. 22 nm and 5. 80 nm, while the EDS spectra presented these nanoparticles as highly pure having major elements of zinc and oxygen. The small sizes and very high purity of the biosynthesised nanoparticles make them fit for adsorption applications such as waste water remediation.

Nanomaterials are structures with dimensions less than 100 nm. Among different nanomaterials, metal-and carbon-based nanoarchitectures have attracted interest due to their ease of production, biocompatibility, low cost, excellent physio-chemistry characteristics, and biological activities. They are synthesized by various methods such as physical, chemical, and biological methods Biosynthesized nanomaterials exhibit remarkably improved biological activities such as antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities. Antioxidant nanomaterials can shield molecules from oxidation processes by decelerating or preventing them from oxidizing in the first place. These nanomaterials are widely used in the food industries and biomedical sectors. Several factors (e. g., size, shape, composition, and synthesized procedure) may influence the antimicrobial activity of these nanocompounds. It was shown that Biosynthesized nanomaterials have higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than those by conventional methods. In the present review, we overview the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Biosynthesized metal-and carbon-based nanoarchitectures. In addition, the mechanism of antimicrobial activity, as well as commonly used methods to measure the antioxidant activity of nanomaterials, are highlighted.

The preparation of trans-dihydrofurans has been achieved by a one-pot condensation reaction of 4-bromophenacyl bromide, aromatic aldehydes and 5, 5-dimethyl-1, 3-cyclohexanedione using Biosynthesized CuO nanoparticles under reflux conditions in ethanol. CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were prepared using extract of leaves of Ajuga chamaecistus Subsp. Scoparia. The key advantages of this process are the diastereoselective synthesis, reusability of the catalyst, low catalyst loading, excellent yields, short reaction times, simple workup and environmentally benign. Fully optimized structures of trans and cis dihydrofurans were obtained by B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) method. The structures of the prepared trans-2, 3-dihydrofurans were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectra, IR spectra, and elemental analysis.

Through a successful attempt, the extract of Prosopis fracta was exerted for the green and simple production of pure and 3% cobalt doped zinc oxide Co-ZnO) nanorods (NRs), which were configured in the following through the analytical results of XRD, FESEM, and EDX procedures. The appearance of finely doped cobalt throughout the construction of zinc oxide was approved by the data of XRD and EDX. Considering how the length and diameter of pure ZnO Nanorods were determined by the FESEM process to be 500 ± 0.2 nm and 100 ± 5 nm, the doping process of cobalt into ZnO caused an enlargement respecting the doped nanorods length as well as diameter. We examined toxicity of nanorods towards breast cancer MCF-7 by the employment of WST-1 trial. In contrast to results of pure nanorods, the doped nanorods were abled to induce a stronger toxicity on MCF-7 cells and therefore, it can be indicated that the conduction of doping process on ZnO nanostructure resulted in intensifying its inhibitory impact towards MCF-7 cells.

Microbes are the major cause for the hospitalacquired infections which lead to prolonged illness, disability or even death. The increasing microbial resistance calls for the search for newer drugs. Evolving nanotechnology in drug delivery produces drug action in lesser amounts and with several times more potency. In the present work, we have synthesized AgNPs using the aqueous extracts ofAmaranthus dubius, Amaranthus polygonoides, Alternanthera sessilis, Portulaca oleracea, Pisonia grandis, and Kedrostis foetidissima. Sonication method yielded a facile and rapid method of biogenic synthesis of nanosilver. The TEM images revealed the synthesized AgNPs to be of size ranging between 6 and 23 nm without agglomeration. Antifungal activity of the synthesized AgNPs againstC. albicans and S. cerevisiae carried out by agar well diffusion method showed good zones of inhibition disclosing the antifungal potential of the biogenic silver nanoparticles.

Nowadays use of antioxidants in the field of medicine are increasing because of health complications induced due to oxidative stress and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. In addition to traditional antioxidant supplements, selenium should be supplied to the body in sufficient amounts as it acts as an important component for endogenous antioxidant enzymes.  Since the dietary supplements for selenium can be toxic sometimes, researchers thought of using selenium nanoparticles for the same. However, the chemically synthesized selenium nanoparticles had many side effects on experimental animals, the green approach for synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using reducing/ capping/stabilizing agents of biological origin like fungi, microbes and plant extracts was investigated by many researchers. Selenium is an antioxidant element itself. Using biological agents of antioxidant nature to get nanoparticles from selenium salt, selenium nanoparticles with enhanced antioxidant properties may be generated.  The present review covers the panorama of these studies and proposes green synthesized selenium nanoparticles with enhanced antioxidant potential to be an excellent bait for the therapy for oxidative damage.

Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by several methods, but each of them has disadvantages. Chemical methods, have high toxicity and low stability, and physical methods, are costly and low-efficient. More recently, researchers have found a new technique for synthesizing AgNPs, using plants and microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and Actinomycetes. This method is called “eco-friendly”, “green synthesis” or “Biosynthesis”. The aim of this investigation was, biosynthesis of AgNPs using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is one of the safe microorganisms that the AgNPs synthesized by it, are suitable for using in pharmacology and medicine purposes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured in sabraud dextrose broth and incubated at 28-30oc for 24 h, then it was centrifuged, and its supernatant was added to the silver nitrate solution with the concentration of 0.001, 0.002 and 0.003 M at pH: 5.6, 7 and 9, then incubated at 28 -35 and 37°c. The formation of AgNPs, was monitored by color-changing, uv-vis spectroscopy, TEM, XRD and FTIR. Antifungal effect of AgNPs on Microsporumcanis investigated by disc diffusion method. MIC and MFC were also measured. The results, showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae have had the great potential for synthesizing of AgNPs in the size of 27 nm and have shown the antifungal effect in the concentration of 33 ± 0.29 m g/ml. In this study, we have reported a simple, biological, easy and nontoxic method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which have had suitable antifungal effect on Microsporumcanis, by using one of the nonpathogenic microorganisms.

Background and Objectives: Gold nanoparticles have found many applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy, drug and gene delivery and DNA and protein characterizations. Fungi are extremely good candidates in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles because of their ability to secrete large amounts of enzymes. The aim of this study was biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by a fungus.Materials and Methods: The sampling was performed from the Ahar copper mine. The biomasses of isolated fungi were incubated with HAuCl4 solution in a shaker-incubator for 72 hr, and the strains that were able to produce gold nanoparticles were identified. The production of gold nanoparticles was studied with UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results: Among the eight types of fungi that were isolated from the Ahar copper mine, only Rhizopus oryza was able to synthesize gold nanoparticles. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles was confirmed by observing the characteristic peak at 540 nm using UV-vis spectroscopy. The XRD analysis confirmed that the produced gold nanoparticles are in the form of nanocrystaline. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that Rhizopus oryza produces gold nanoparticles with good monodispersity in spherical and trigonal shapes both intra- and extracellularly.Conclusion: Fungus Rhizopus oryza is able to produce gold nanoparticles in the size range of 10-70 nm. This biologic method has the potential to replace chemical and physical methods currently used for gold nanoparticles production.

Recently, there has been an increase in research interest in metal nanoparticles and their synthesis because of their various applications in different industrial areas. The current study deals with the Actinomycetes-mediated synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) isolated from mangrove soil and to further access its application in different fields. Eight different soil samples were collected from three different mangrove sites located in Mumbai. A total of 15 different Actinomycetes isolates were obtained from soil samples and studied in the present investigation and were screened for metal tolerance. It was found that out of 15 isolates, only 3 were able to tolerate the highest metal salt concentration i.e. 10-1M. The synthesized CuNPs were further investigated with various characterizations such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and XRD. The identification of isolate GRC1 was done as per Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 5 for preliminary identification of Actinomycetes and was identified as Streptomyces sp. This isolate was further characterized by Vitek MS and it was identified as Streptomyces verticillus. The inhibition zone by Biosynthesized CuNPs was significantly greater when compared with standard antibiotics and CuSO4. The calculated degradation efficiency after 5hrs of incubation was 59.67% and 96.26% for Red M8B and Reactive green, respectively. Prevention of biofilm formation by CuNPs was confirmed by microscopic technique and significant inhibition of biofilm was observed. Thus, the mangrove Actinomycetes mediated bio-fabrication of CuNPs should gain much attention because of their unique properties like antimicrobial, anticancer, catalytic activity, wound healing, and antifouling.