Each year, large amount of pistachio BY-PRODUCT (PBP) was produced after the processing of fresh pistachio. PBP has suitable nutritional value and is used as a feed stuff in animal nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the microbial contamination and concentration of aflatoxin in PBP in four areas in Kerman province (Kerman, Rafsanjan, Zarand, and Sirjan). The samples of PBP were collected from two types of processing system (traditional and industrial systems), three stage of pistachio harvesting (early, mid and late in the harvesting period), and three different intervals time of picking up the skin (1-2 hours, 5-6 hours and ≥13 hours). All samples were dried under the sun and then were milled. All of the samples were cultured in a sterile culture and total mould, Aspergillus moulds and Coliform, and E. coli bacteria were counted. The concentration of total aflatoxin was measured by HPLC via extraction. Results showed that the means of microbial population of total moulds, Aspergillus moulds and Coliforms, and E.coli bacteria count were 21000, 3892, 3094 and 1.1 CFU/g, respectively, that were below a critical level to interfere in animal nutrition. Although microbial population were different in sampling area (P<0.05) and moulds population were different between the traditional and industrial processing terminals (P<0.05). Although there was a difference in sampling area (P<0.01), but the concentration of aflatoxin was 0.9 ppb in PBP samples which was below the critical level for livestock feed staffs. It was concluded that the producing PBP in Kerman province was not too much contaminated with microbes and the concentration of aflatoxin was less than the limit standard levels in feeds.

The goal of the present study was to determine the true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn) content, chemical compositions of the poultry by – product meal (PBPM), the relationship between their chemical compounds and TMEn in adult roosters. To examine the nutritional values of PBPM, a total of 30 fresh samples were collected from different slaughterhouses in the country. For TMEn estimation, each sample (25 g) was used to force feed to the 4 birds raised in individual metabolic cages. Dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude fat (EE), crude protein (CP), ash and total volatile nitrogen (TVN) were measured according to standard methods. Average values for DM, EE, ash, CP, TVN and TMEn were obtained as 90. 05%, 22. 10%, 7. 50%, 60. 30%, 220 mgN/100g, and 3907 kcal/kg, respectively. There was a positive correlation between TMEn and EE, while the correlation between ash and TMEn was negative. Compared with EE and ash, the CP was less correlated (P<0. 05) with TMEn, while the TVN had no significant effect. The determined values of chemical composition and TMEn were used in fitting the simple regression equations, which can be in practice used to predict energy contents of PBPM samples in factory and production farms.

After water purification and softening, a lot of calcium carbonate with other impurities produce and these byproducts gather and bury as mineral sludge. In this research, The quality of calcium carbonate from water softening process in mazandran wood and paper industry (MWPI) mill and effects of loading of this byproduct on fine paper production was investigated and the results were compared with other industrial fillers like grounded calcium carbonate (GCC) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and also china clay (kaolin). From the paper structural viewpoint, the fine paper that filled with water softening calcium carbonate (derived after water softening process) have more bulk (bulkier) and more porous and rougher surface compare to fine papers that filled with the common industrial fillers. From the paper strength properties viewpoint, the fine paper that filled with water softening calcium carbonate have less decrease in tensile and burst strength but have not suitable tear strength properties. From the paper optical properties viewpoint, the fine paper that filled with water softening calcium carbonate, because of particles size and impurities of this filler have the least light scattering coefficient and consequently have less brightness and opacity. Adding of 10 and 20 percent precipitated calcium carbonate to by water softening calcium carbonate cause paper porosity and strength decreasing but the optical properties of hand sheets was increased.

Bio-based polyurethanes (PU) prepared through green routes using technical cashew nut shell liquid (TechCNSL) for anti-corrosive application could protect infrastructures and addresses environmental concerns. The synthesis was carried out in situ by an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction of TechCNSL and formaldehyde (F) at 120 °, C. The final structure was obtained through addition polymerization of TechCNSL-F with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) at room temperature (OH: NCO ratios: 1: 0. 8, 1: 1 and 1: 1. 2) to form TechCNSL-F-PU. The characteristic properties of the coatings were influenced as a function of free –, OH and –, NCO groups that is influenced by the composition of TechCNSL used. The high coating resistance (Rc) and change in solution resistance (Rs) values along with lower coating capacitance (Cc) values supporting sufficient protection ability and compactness to the metallic substrate was determined by non-destructive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. Structural and progress of the reaction was evaluated by ATR/FTIR, whereas XRD revealed the amorphous nature of the hydrophobic films/coatings with a contact angle of 100°,for TechCNSL-F-PU1: 1. The variation in thermal stability with TDI concentration and glass transition (Tg) temperature was based on the degree of cross-linking density of the systems. The degree of cross-linking was calculated through estimation of gel content, which varied from 96 to 98% based on the concentration of TDI with thermal stability by max 265 °, C. TechCNSL-F-PU1: 1 shows excellent films/coatings adhesion, anticorrosion performance, chemical and mechanical resistance in the various chemical environment (water, 3. 5% of HCl, NaCl and NaOH) and showed the best performance. These thermally stable and mechanically robust PU films/coatings can be projected for the corrosion protective applications.

Evolutionary theory has two main parts: common descent and natural selection. An "adaptation" is a trait caused by natural selection. A "byproduct" is a trait correlated with an adaptation. Some scholars of different disciplines have explained religion by evolutionary theory. There are four evolutionary approaches to explaining religion: evolutionary psychology, cultural evolution, niche construction, and behavioral ecology. Evolutionary psychologists usually consider religion as byproducts of ordinary psychological mechanisms that had been adapted and then have been used by religion. Cultural evolutionists usually consider religion as a cultural adaptation for cooperation between strangers and as a consequence expansion of society. Niche construction and behavioral ecology have been used infrequently to explaining religion. We mention one theory from each: charismatic niche construction and evolutionary signaling. Some scholars have argued that these approaches are complementary despite of being very different. And theories that we mention are complementary despite of being very different.

In order to investigate the effect of various levels of Poultry BY-PRODUCT meal(PBM) on the performance of Baluchi male lambs, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 experimental diets containing (0, 2. 5, 5 and 7. 5 percentage) doses of Poultry BY-PRODUCT meal residues and 6 replicates (Lamb) in each treatment. The fattening was a 90-day feeding period preceded by a 14-day adaptation period. Different levels of Poultry BY-PRODUCT meal had no significant effect on daily lamb weight, average daily intake of dry matter and feed conversion ratio. Significantly (P <0. 05) higher Blood urea nitrogen in control diet than other treatment, but there was no significant difference in plasma glucose in experimental diets (P <0. 05). The protein and protein portions of A, B, B1, B2, B3 and C in this experiment were 11. 8, 8. 23, 22. 21, 19. 1, and 81. 3%, respectively. The results of current study showed that Poultry BY-PRODUCT meal 7. 5% can be used in lamb ̓ ̕ s finishing diets without adverse effect on performance.