Greenhouse gases have been of serious global concern to environmentalists. Enteric ruminal fermentation and manure are seen to be responsible for global warming. Based on a better understanding of positive tan-nin effects on ruminant nutrition, the feeding value of BROWSE trees and shrubs containing tannin, their roles on methanogen rumen microbes in overcoming the production of enteric fermentation gases and the methods of efficient manure handling are presented in this review.

The BROWSE vegetation of the Cholistan rangelands is diminishing with the passage of time due to climatic extremities, overgrazing, and human exploitation. Therefore, this study was planned to collect the baseline data about ecology, ethnobotany, and conservation status of BROWSEs. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to record information of plant species from nomadic peoples (85 males, 05 females) and by ecological observations during field visits. In this study, a total of 25 BROWSE species belonging to 17 genera and 12 families were documented, however family status showed that Chenopodiaceae and Mimosaceae were most dominant families. In these rangelands three-soil microhabitats sandunal, interdunal and clayey saline were noted, and each have different species structure and composition. According to life span and life form, all identified species were found as perennials and phanerophytes, respectively. Leaf spectra of Raunkiaerian approach revealed that leptopylls dominated study area, which is an indicator of arid conditions. Phenological observations revealed two flowering seasons, the first season was from February to April and second was from September to November, both were associated to winter and monsoon rains, respectively. Further ethnobotanical observations have divided species into four categories based on their uses i. e., firewood, timber wood, forage and medicinal. The peoples of this area depend on local PLANTS and different parts of PLANTS (bark, leaves, shoots, roots) were used for different treatments. Out of total, 24 species were observed to have forage value that showed potential of this area as rangeland whereas based on grazing response, maximum number of species (40%) were noted as decreasers. According to conservation status, most of BROWSE species have become threatened, followed by endangered, vulnerable, least concerned, and critically endangered, respectively. Results showed current status and potential of BROWSEs to apply quick conservation measures with suggestion of further floral investigation in Cholistan rangelands.

Medicinal PLANTS contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal PLANTS. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal PLANTS, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

Tohfe Fathiyah is a work of Abuolfazl-Bin-Mubarak, pen-named as Abu al-Fazl Allami, the nobleman, and historian of the 11th century AH. He was the second son of Sheikh Mubarak Nagoori and the younger brother of Feizi, and he was known as poet laureate in Akbar palace. There are two versions of this work, which has not been corrected so far. The first copy of No. 3811 belongs to the National Library of Malek in 116 pages and in Nastaliq form and the second copy of No. 1095 is kept in the National Library. The authors are correcting this article which is of great literary interest nowadays. One of the most important literary features of this work is the use of complex and multifaceted words and expressions that indicate the author's elegance and grace-telling. He is proud of his writings in various places of the book and considers himself to be the most authoritative writer. In this article, while addressing the general introduction of this work and its author, an attempt has been made to look at the most important features of its literary in a descriptive-analytical method.

Fodder trees and shrubs are crucial sources of animal feed in Sudan, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. This is because they can fill up the feed gaps in the summer period when grassland growth is limited due to unfavorable weather conditions.The study was conducted in Elnour forest-southeastern Sudan in 2015, which is dominated byAcacia seyal. The objectives of this study were to estimate the BROWSE productivity, and to establish relationships with the crown area forAcacia seyal. The twig-count method described in this study converts a count of twigs to weight of BROWSE by use of an average weight per twig for individual trees. Regression analysis was used to establish relationships between BROWSE biomass and crown area. The average available BROWSE (8.1 kg/ha) and tree density (162 tree/ha) forAcacia seyal was low in the study area that makes the density as the main factor that determine the amount of available BROWSE/ha. Strong positive correlations were found between BROWSE biomass productivity (available and total BROWSE) and crown area with average values of 0.86 and 0.90, respectively. The study concluded that crown area as the main parameters used for predicting the BROWSE biomass productivity. It is recommended that more effort be made to expand the use of more species to investigate the relationships between BROWSE biomass productivity and growth parameters.

Subsurface channels are stratigraphic features in seismic data that can act as reservoirs or conduits for hydrocarbons. However, detecting and characterizing these channels is challenging due to the limitations of seismic resolution and the complexity of the subsurface geology. Seismic inversion is a technique that can enhance the seismic data by transforming the seismic traces into quantitative estimates such as acoustic impedance (AI), which is a key reservoir rock property. AI inversion can help to identify and delineate the subsurface channels by providing more contrast and detail of the channel geometry, fill, and surrounding sediments. Seismic inversion is often challenged by the non-uniqueness, ambiguity and uncertainty of the inversion results due to noise and band-limited data. This paper uses a fuzzy model-based seismic inversion method that integrates prior information and fuzzy clustering constraints to produce more realistic and reliable AI models. This method assigns data points to multiple clusters with varying degrees of membership, which can capture the overlapping of AI values of different geological formations. The method is applied to the 3D Poseidon seismic data from the BROWSE Basin, offshore Western Australia, and the results are compared with those of conventional model-based inversion. Since there is no well-data in an interest channel zone, a qualitative evaluation with seismic attributes is performed. The subsurface structures are further interpreted by various seismic attributes. The comparison shows that the fuzzy model-based inversion method can improve the resolution, contrast and stability of the AI models and reveal more detail of the subsurface geology.

The chemical composition and in vitro gas production of some leguminous BROWSE species were evaluated. Crude protein (CP) content was highest (P<0.05) in Pterocarpus erinaceus. Neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and total condensed tannins (TCT) were highest (P<0.05) in Erythrina senegalensis. Acid detergent lignin was greatest in Parkia biglobosa and lowest in Acacia seyal. In vitro organic matter de-gradability (IVOMD) was lowest and highest in Desmodium relatinum (11.87%) and Fadhebia albida (74.29%), respectively. Pterocarpus erinaceus had the highest volume of gas production (GP; 29.33 mg/200 g DM) while Parkia biglobosa had the least GP (2.00 mL/200 mg DM) at 96 h. The GP from the immediately soluble fraction (a) and volume of gas produced (mL) at time t (Y) were highest in Pterocar-pus erinaceus and Erythrina senegalensis. Gas production from the insoluble but degradable fraction (b) and potential GP (a+b) were greatest in Dicrostachys cinerea. Rate of GP (c) varied among the BROWSEs without a definite pattern. The CP of BROWSEs was positively significantly correlated with incubation period at all hours and fermentation characteristics (a, c and Y). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was positively cor-related with incubation periods and a, a+b and c. Acid detergent fibre (ADF) was negatively correlated with incubation hours but was positively related to gas fermentation characteristics. Acid detergent lignin (ADL) and IVOMD were weakly correlated with incubation hours but had a strong relationships with some gas fermentation characteristics. Total condensed tannins (TCT) showed a positive correlation with incuba-tion period at 6, 12, 24 and 96 h but their relationship with fermentation characteristics was positive and weak. Phenolic content was positive and strongly correlated with incubation period at 3, 6 12 and 24 h, a, c and Y. Based on their relatively high CP, moderate fibre levels and low condensed tannins contents, it can be concluded that the BROWSE legume forages have nutritive potential as fodders for ruminants in tropical environment.

More than 22% of the world's agricultural land is saline, and this trend continues to increase with climate changes. Salinity stress causes leaf color change, osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, prevents growth, photosynthesis and plant performance. Due to their size less than micron, metal nanoparticles have a great absorption and transmission power in PLANTS. Salinity stress is a major problem in hot and dry areas under tomato cultivation. For this purpose, investigating the mutual effects of the size and type of zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles on the improvement and change of growth and increasing the resistance to salt stress in tomato PLANTS of the early urbana variety were carried out in the form of a completely randomized and factorial design with 4 replications, at a significant level of 5%. In this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles in 25 and 50 nm sizes, iron oxide in 25 nm sizes and sodium chloride in 0 and 75 mM levels were used. Nanoparticles and salinity treatments were both applied to the PLANTS. The results showed that salt stress led to a decrease in plant growth parameters such as shoot and root length, leaf area, RWC, ion leakage. Also, NaCl led to an increase in the accumulation of prolin and other aldehydes, sodium, iron and zinc. The application of nanoparticles had a slight effect in stress-free conditions, but in stressed conditions, these two nanoparticles alone and especially in combination neutralized the effect of salinity and reduced the damage caused by salinity stress.

Archaeobotany is one of the interdisciplinary sciences in archaeology. Archaeobotany studies plant remains in archaeological contexts. Based on plant findings, it discusses topics such as people's livelihood, agriculture, vegetation, climate changes, dating, etc. So, this course can reply to many questions archaeologists face about an ancient site and people. In recent years, archaeologists have paid a lot of attention to this field and tried to use experts in excavations. One of the excavations that has paid a lot of attention to archaeobotany, is Feyzabad site. This site has Islamic periods. During the excavation in 2022 in this site, some ovens were found, as well as some samples from them. In this research, we intend to answer questions such as the functioning of the sampled ovens and the identification of plant remains in the ovens. Finally, by combining the information found, we will shed light on the lives of the people of this period. By doing this research, our information about the life of the people belonging to this area, their livelihood and the common types of plant remains used in this area will increase. Also, micro information about climatic conditions will be obtained. After carrying out the necessary investigations and research, it was found that the ovens found in the trench D8 are related to cooking to the inner part of the royal citadel. Besides the more specialized work that is being done, animal husbandry and agriculture are popular. Some climate changes such as warmer weather and less humidity were also identified

The chemical composition and digestibility of twelve plant samples (Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Atriplex canescens, Artemesia herba-alba, Astragalus gombo, Calobota saharae Ceratonia siliqua, Gleditsia triacanthos, Hedysarum coronarium, Medicago sativa, Ononis natrix L, Hordeum vulgare and Stipa tenacissima L. ) grown in arid and semi-arid areas of Algeria were evaluated (in 2010). Feed components were determined by proximate analysis whereas phenolic and tannin compounds were analyzed by colorimetric procedures. Digestibility was assessed by conventional gravimetric in vitro and in situ methods. In general, crude protein content in dicotyledon (dicots) species was always greater than that in monocotyledon (monocots) grass showing higher Neutral and Acid Detergent Fiber (NDF and ADF) and lower lignin contents than dicots. The tannin concentration varied considerably between species, but in general, the PLANTS investigated in this study had low tannin contents (except for Ceratonia siliqua, Gleditsia triacanthos and Hedysarum coronarium). Monocots showed lower in vitro and in situ, fermentation rate and cumulative gas production than dicots species. This study indicated that a large reserve of plant species in the local flora is available that could be potentially used for livestock feeding. These feeds, if fully exploited, could assist in increasing the level of production and productivity of the livestock resources in the region.