Flower initiation is an important factor influencing plant yield. Environmental factors significantly affect flowering initiation. Bioinformatic analysis was performed on MADS-BOX transcription factors which are considered as important components in the flower formation. Brachpodium is a new experimental model which used to understand the genetic, cellular mechanism and molecular biology of plants. In this study, 43 sequences of Brachypodium MADS-BOX genes were analyzed using phylogeny relationships, conserved motifs, chromosomal location, detection of transcription factor binding sites, and amino acid composition. The aim of this study was to better identify molecular mechanisms related to flowering. In this study, results showed that MADS-BOX genes distribute on all Brachypodium chromosomes, while gene clusters were located on all chromosomes except chromosome five. Analysis of the amino acid composition revealed that lucine, serine, and glutamate, with the highest amount, and tryptophan, with the least amount, elicit appreciable flowering. Based on the phylogeny analysis the genes were divided to four clusters. Tajima test indicated the presence of balancing selection in MADS-BOX sequences and as a result polymorphism is conserved in the sequences. Thus, the total diversity in MADS-BOX genes were high. Overall, our results provided useful information for the survey of flowering response genes, thereby detection of molecular mechanism and intergenic relationships facilitate flowering pathway.

Pectobacterium is one of the major destructive causal agents in most crop plants throughout the world. During the years 2007-2008, 38 isolate of soft rot pectobacteria were isolated from different hosts including: potato, onion, cabbage and carrot in Hamedan, Semnan, Hormozgan, Kerman, East Azarbaijan, Khuzestan, Zanjan, Tehran and Isfahan provinces. Phenotypic identification of the strains were performed using recommended biochemical and physiological tests. Also genetic diversity determined by BOX-PCR using BOX A1R primer.According to results, all strains identified as "Carotovora" group as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, P. atrosepticum and Dickeya chrysanthemi. Also some characteristics of the pathogen differ from those described for this bacterium isolated in some countries. The combined results of performed tests showed a high variability among pectolytic bacteria in Iran and there was no clear relationship between the resulting DNA fingerprints and geographical origins of isolates.