Immature capitulum of gerbera cultivar of Tropic BLEND, after disinfection and removal of sepals, divided into four parts, and cultured on 1/2MS medium supplemented with 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l TDZ and 0.1 mg/l IAA. The remainings were also cultured in 1/2MS medium, supplemented with 5, 10 and 15 mg/l BAP and 1 mg/l IAA. Cultures were incubated in dark conditions and then transferred to the light. There was not any proliferation in 1/2 MS medium suplemented with different concentrations of BAP. The highest number of plantlets was obtained in 1/2 MS supplemented with 0.05 mg/l TDZ. For prolifration, plantlets were produced in MS medium supplemented with 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg/l kinetin. The highest and lowest number of plantlets were producted in MS medium with 2 and 8mg/l kinetin and 1 mg\l IAA, respectively. The highest number of leaves was produced in 2 and 4 mg/l kinetin. For rooting, plantlets were cultured in MS medium supplemeted with 0.5 and 1 mg/l NAA. The highest number of roots was produced in MS with 0.5 mg/l NAA. For acclimatization the rooted plantlets were transferred into pots. They were throughly acclimized.

Hypothesis: In recent years, gel polymer electrolytes (quasi-solid state electrolytes) have attracted great attention as a suitable substitute for liquid electrolytes. On the other hand, ionic liquids could dramatically enhance the ionic conductivity of electrolytes. In this work, gel polymer electrolytes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) BLENDs (for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)) and imidazoliumbased ionic liquids were prepared. It is supposed that BLENDing these two polymers could reduce the degree of crystallization and increase the porosity of the electrolyte BLEND to yield a higher electrolyte uptake and ionic conductivity. Methods: Polymer BLEND electrolytes were prepared in different BLEND ratios and in the presence of either one of the ionic liquids including BMII or BMIMBF4 through phase inversion method and their properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mercury porosimetry, electrolyte uptake, and morphology to optimize the BLEND ratio. Findings: It was found that the BLEND ratio of 60/40 (w/w) PVDF-HFP/PEO has the highest porosity and electrolyte uptake. Crystallization investigations by DSC showed that there is a direct relationship between the decrease of crystallinity of two polymers and the increment of electrolyte ionic conductivity. Electrolyte uptake gradually increased with increasing PEO component concentration up to 40 wt%, and reached a maximum of 98. 49% and 89. 48% for BMIMBF4 and BMII, respectively. Beyond this concentration, a decrease in electrolyte uptake was seen, which is an undesirable feature for the produced samples. In this BLEND ratio ionic conductivity was measured as 2. 07 mS/cm and 1. 78 mS/cm for PVDF-HFP/PEO/BMIMBF4 and PVDF-HFP/ PEO/BMII electrolytes, respectively.

Recently, using nanoparticles in polymeric BLEND have been considered by many researchers a new epoch for generation of materials to meet different requirements in various industries such as car, sport, military, structure and electronic. The transesterification reaction in polyester BLENDs during melt mixing plays an important role in the components compatibility, and the ultimate properties of the BLEND affected by this reaction. In this study the transesterification reaction in the BLEND of poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) /polycarbonate (PC) was studied at the presence of three commercial organic modified montmorillonite namely Cloisite 30B, Cloisite 20A and Cloisite 15A. The main difference among these nanoparticles is their surface chemical structures and initial gallery heights. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and small angel X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis showed that tranesterification reaction was improved at the presence of Cloisite 20A and Cloisite 15A and an intercalation morphology was obtained. While in the samples containing Cloisite 30B a thermal degradation occurred and initial gallery of the nanoparticles was increased. Dynamical mechanical thermal analysis results revealed that by addition of nanoclay to polymer BLEND, the glass transition of polymers draw on to each other which means more compatibility has been obtained and transestrification reaction has been improved at presence of the nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed droplet-matrix morphology for PC/PBT: 70/30 ratio and co-continuous for PC/PBT: 50/50. By incorporation of nanoparticles the finer morphology was obtained in PC/PBT: 70/30 and co- continuous morphology changed to micro co-continuous in PC/PBT: 50/50.

In the last decades, extensive research works have been devoted to bitumen and asphalt modification by using polymeric thermoplastic-elastomers. In this research a physical thermoplastic elastomer was prepared by mixing polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB) for bitumen modification purposes. These BLENDs were introduced into bitumen for making polymer-bitumen mixtures. Then, stabilization mechanism and mechanical properties of the mixture were studied by optical microscopy and conventional tests such as: Frass test, softening point, penetration, performance grade and penetration index. The PS/PB (75/25) BLEND forms larger PS droplets and shows minimum stability among the BLENDs. The co-continuous composition of PS/PB BLEND (27/73) is stable and PS droplets are very well dispersed and its particle sizes are the lowest. In the next step, PS/PB/SBR compatibilized BLEND was mixed with bitumen and than further studies were carried out. The results show that mechanical properties and elastic recovery of these BLENDs are highly improved as compared with the former non-compatibilized BLEND admixtures.

CO2/CH4 gas separation is a very important applicatable process in upgrading the natural gas and landfil gas recovery. In this work, to investigate the membrane separation process performance, the gas permeation results and CO2/CH4 separation characteristics of different prepared membranes (via BLENDing different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a modifier with acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene (ABS) as a backbone structure) have been studied. Furthermore, SEM analysis was carried out for morphological investigations. The effect of PEG content on gas transport properties on the selected sample was also studied. The effect of pressure on CO2 permeation was examined and showed that at the pressure beyond 4 bar, permeability is not affected by pressure. The results showed that more or less in all cases, incorporation of PEG molecules without any significant increase in CH4 permeability increases the CO2/CH4 selectivity. From the view point of gas separation applications the resultant data are within commercial attractive range.

The early age shrinkage is responsible for the early age cracking of concrete. It is very critical for durability of concrete. The change in volume of concrete due to evaporation of water or dehydration process is known as shrinkage. To reduce the early age shrinkage utilized the supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete. In present research industrial and agricultural waste byproduct like fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) along with cement were used as SCM. The triple BLEND concrete was prepared by the combination of 20%, 30% and 40% partial cement replacement with FA and RHA for 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 water-cement ratio. The concrete samples were tested by advanced  instrument as shrinkage cone meter were used for measure the shrinkage. The result shows that the early age shrinkage reduced with increasing the SCM content. The microstructure characteristics enhanced with raising the content of FA and RHA up to 30% replacement; that was due to the dense particle packing.

The utility of conjugated conductive polymers, having a combination of properties between metals and plastics depend on their potentialities in a number of growing technologies. Considering the properties of the conductive polymers and a spinnable polymer, polyaniline and polyacrylonitrile have been employed for wet spinning. For filament production of poly acrylonitrile/polyaniline BLENDs a bench scale wet spinning apparatus has been set up. Fibers from polyacrylonitrile and poly aniline of various BLENDs ratios are produced. Some physical and electrical resistance of these filaments is examined. The treshhold limit for conductance in the BLEND was 0.16% of polyaniline. The higher concentration of poly aniline enhances the conductivity at the expense of the mechanical properties. The physical and mechanical behaviors of the filaments are discussed.