The objective of this study was to develop a simple and cost-effective method to produce BIOFERTILIZER using agro-wastes. There were five types of agro-wastes being used in this study. They were wastes from watermelon, papaya, pineapple, citrus orange, and banana. Solidstate fermentation method was used to produce BIOFERTILIZER, which was then applied into vegetable plantation.Physical property tests were done on the plant samples of 5 weeks of age in order to determine the effectiveness of the BIOFERTILIZER. The results of the experiment showed that the plant samples treated with BIOFERTILIZER from watermelon, papaya, and banana wastes had promising physical characteristics. Other tests such as analyses of pH values and potassium content in the BIOFERTILIZERs were also done in this research. It was found that watermelon BIOFERTILIZER had the highest pH value (5.15). The banana BIOFERTILIZER had the highest content of potassium with a content of 3.932 g K/L.

Application of BIOFERTILIZER is governed by different factors whose identification and knowledge will play a great role in farmer acceptance of the fertilizers. The present quantitative study was conducted to identify the factors involved in the use of BIOFERTILIZERs by farmers in Yengijeh village, Zanjan, Iran. The statistical population consisted of all the local farmers (N=313). Using Yamane formula, the sample size was calculated at 175 but data were ultimately collected from 165 farmers through the convenience sampling method. For this purpose, a questionnaire was used whose face validity had been approved by an expert panel and its reliability was computed via Cronbach' alpha (α ˃ 0. 7). Binary logit regression was employed to examine the effects of two categories of variables on BIOFERTILIZER consumption; these included farmers' individual characteristics (including attitude toward and knowledge about BIOFERTILIZERs and communication channels) and perceived innovation characteristics (including compatibility, trialability, observability, complexity, and relative advantage). Results revealed that while the three innovation characteristics of trialability, observability, and complexity had significant effects on fertilizer consumption, farmers' individual characteristics had none whatsoever.

Phosphorus is one of the macronutrient that its deficiency severely restricts plant growth. One of the simplest and least costly methods of providing phosphorus is direct application of rock phosphate but in calcareous soils it is not very effective due to its low solubility. The use of rock phosphate mixed with sulfur and organic matter along with phosphate solubilizing microorganisms is considered as a method for increasing rock phosphorus solubility. This study aimed to model the effect of different ratios of vermicompost, rock phosphate and sulfur on dissolution and release of phosphorus by Aspergillus sp and to optimize the levels of these variables for efficient BIOFERTILIZER preparation. Accordingly, 20 experiments were designed using response surface methodology based on central composite design. The effects of different values of vermicompost, rock phosphate and sulfur variables encoded in the constraint (+1, 0,-1) on the dissolution rate of phosphorus were modeled. The results showed a high efficiency (R 2 = 0. 8841) of the central composite design model in estimating P dissolution. The results also indicated that vermicompost interaction with sulfur (p <0. 05) and interaction of rock phosphate with sulfur (p <0. 05) were significant. The results of the statistical analysis of the central composite model coefficients indicated that the vermicompost, vermicompost*sulfur and rock phosphate*sulfur additives had a positive and incremental effect on the phosphorus solubility. According to prediction of optimum conditions for phosphorus solubilization, 58% vermicompost, 23. 3% rock phosphate and 18. 7% sulfur resulted in maximum phosphorus solubilization (773. 04 mg / kg) by Aspergillus sp. in microbial fertilizer.

More than one century ago, the first commercial product of BIOFERTILIZER was produced in the world and its production in Iran was initiated around 15 years ago. According to the importance of BIOFERTILIZERs in the sustainable and organic agriculture, in this paper we try to review on the BIOFERTILIZER researches in Iran, especially to the mechanism of BIOFERTILIZERs actions. This paper will focus on nitrogen BIOFERTILIZERs mainly to the Rhizobia, Azotobacteria, Azospirilla as well as the phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and potassium releasing bacteria (KRB). Attention to the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) is the other aspect of this study. The isolation methods of most important microorganisms with potential to being used as a BIOFERTILIZER are taken into consideration at the end of each section of this article. At the end, we considered results of some researches on application and effects of BIOFERTILIZERs on growth, yield and quality properties of plants in Iran.

Introduction One of the important proceedings in propagation process of plants is improving the speed of rooting and shortening this propagation period. Today, use of natural materials as an alternative for chemical fertilizer is concerned with successful rooting of cuttings in ornamental plants that in some cases have perceived well and effective influence of these BIOFERTILIZER compared with chemicals. Zamioculcas zamiifolia is a valuable ornamental indoor plant. The production of this plant in short time is commercially important. An important stage in the process of accelerating this plant production is to improve the rooting and shortening its growth stage. Therefore, the simultaneous effect of mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER and biochar on Zamioculcas zamiifolia propagation was studied in this research.Materials and Methods This study was performed in the greenhouse in the faculty of agriculture and environmental science of Arak University with controlled conditions of 25 ◦C temperature, 70% humidity and 10,000 lux of light. Treatments were included biochar 5% + arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER 6%, biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER 6%, biochar 5% + arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER 12%, and biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER 12%, and control (without biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER). The arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER was mixture of Clarodeoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae. The experiment was performed as a completely randomized design (CRD) at three replicates. The pots were containing cocopeat + perlite (1:1) and different treatments of arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER and biochar. Morphological and physiological traits such as off-shoot number, Leafy cuttings color, Leaf width, Leaf length, Shoot length, root number, root length, rhizome diameter, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, fresh weight (FW) of roots and shoots, the dry weight (DW) of roots and shoots, Saturation weight, relative water content (RWC), biomass, electrolyte leakage and arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization were measured after 9 months. Results and Discussion Biochar and arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER application in propagation medium increased off-shoot growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia. The results showed that the highest roots number was obtained in the treatments of arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 12% + biochar 10% which was followed by arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 6% + biochar 5%. The maximum root length was observed by arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 12% + biochar 5% treatment. The root colonization had a positive correlation with the number of off-shoot, leaf size, shoot FW and leaf chlorophyll content. The application of biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 6% treatment caused an increase in the height of the shoot about 3.3 times more than the control. The highest rhizome diameter was observed in biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 6% treatment. The maximum off-shoot number was measured in the treatment of biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER 6% treatment which was 1.8 times more than control. No signs of colonization were observed in the control, but the roots colonization in the arbuscular mycorrhiza biofertilization treatment 12% was 1.6 times more that in the arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 6%. Increasing the amount of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhiza application in the propagation medium enhanced arbuscular mycorrhiza roots colonization of Zamioculcas zamiifolia. A significant positive correlation was observed between the number of off-shoot and the total biomass (r=0.95). A high positive correlation was observed between the fresh weight of shoot and the saturated weight (r=0.95). There was a significant positive correlation between saturated weight with total chlorophyll (r=0.97) and total biomass (r=0.96). The relationship between total chlorophyll and biomass was a significant positive (r=0.95). There was a significant positive correlation between the root colonization and chlorophyll a (r=0.83). A significant negative correlation was detected between dry weight of shoot and dry weight of root (r=0.94) and dry weight of root with relative water content (r=0.95). Conclusion Generally, in the most of studied traits, the use of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER in the culture medium improved the off-shoot growth and rooting characteristics of Zamioculcas zamiifolia compared to the control. Shortening the propagation period of this slow growth and luxury plant is significant aspects in the production of this ornamental plant that reduce production costs and make the product more cost-effective. The use of biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 6% in culture medium is recommended to improve the quantitative and qualitative properties through the propagation of this ornamental houseplant.

Introduction One of the important proceedings in propagation process of plants is improving the speed of rooting and shortening this propagation period. Today, use of natural materials as an alternative for chemical fertilizer is concerned with successful rooting of cuttings in ornamental plants that in some cases have perceived well and effective influence of these BIOFERTILIZER compared with chemicals. Zamioculcas zamiifolia is a valuable ornamental indoor plant. The production of this plant in short time is commercially important. An important stage in the process of accelerating this plant production is to improve the rooting and shortening its growth stage. Therefore, the simultaneous effect of mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER and biochar on Zamioculcas zamiifolia propagation was studied in this research.Materials and Methods This study was performed in the greenhouse in the faculty of agriculture and environmental science of Arak University with controlled conditions of 25 ◦C temperature, 70% humidity and 10,000 lux of light. Treatments were included biochar 5% + arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER 6%, biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER 6%, biochar 5% + arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER 12%, and biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER 12%, and control (without biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER). The arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER was mixture of Clarodeoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae. The experiment was performed as a completely randomized design (CRD) at three replicates. The pots were containing cocopeat + perlite (1:1) and different treatments of arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER and biochar. Morphological and physiological traits such as off-shoot number, Leafy cuttings color, Leaf width, Leaf length, Shoot length, root number, root length, rhizome diameter, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, fresh weight (FW) of roots and shoots, the dry weight (DW) of roots and shoots, Saturation weight, relative water content (RWC), biomass, electrolyte leakage and arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization were measured after 9 months. Results and Discussion Biochar and arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER application in propagation medium increased off-shoot growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia. The results showed that the highest roots number was obtained in the treatments of arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 12% + biochar 10% which was followed by arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 6% + biochar 5%. The maximum root length was observed by arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 12% + biochar 5% treatment. The root colonization had a positive correlation with the number of off-shoot, leaf size, shoot FW and leaf chlorophyll content. The application of biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 6% treatment caused an increase in the height of the shoot about 3.3 times more than the control. The highest rhizome diameter was observed in biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 6% treatment. The maximum off-shoot number was measured in the treatment of biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhizal BIOFERTILIZER 6% treatment which was 1.8 times more than control. No signs of colonization were observed in the control, but the roots colonization in the arbuscular mycorrhiza biofertilization treatment 12% was 1.6 times more that in the arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 6%. Increasing the amount of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhiza application in the propagation medium enhanced arbuscular mycorrhiza roots colonization of Zamioculcas zamiifolia. A significant positive correlation was observed between the number of off-shoot and the total biomass (r=0.95). A high positive correlation was observed between the fresh weight of shoot and the saturated weight (r=0.95). There was a significant positive correlation between saturated weight with total chlorophyll (r=0.97) and total biomass (r=0.96). The relationship between total chlorophyll and biomass was a significant positive (r=0.95). There was a significant positive correlation between the root colonization and chlorophyll a (r=0.83). A significant negative correlation was detected between dry weight of shoot and dry weight of root (r=0.94) and dry weight of root with relative water content (r=0.95). Conclusion Generally, in the most of studied traits, the use of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER in the culture medium improved the off-shoot growth and rooting characteristics of Zamioculcas zamiifolia compared to the control. Shortening the propagation period of this slow growth and luxury plant is significant aspects in the production of this ornamental plant that reduce production costs and make the product more cost-effective. The use of biochar 10% + arbuscular mycorrhiza BIOFERTILIZER 6% in culture medium is recommended to improve the quantitative and qualitative properties through the propagation of this ornamental houseplant.

Greenhouse experiments in a completely randomized design were carried out to investigate the effects of nitroxin fertilizer (0, 1 and 2 li/ha) on morphological and physiological traits of Amaranthus retroflexus in 2013. The traits in the study included plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoots, roots, stem and leaf, Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, and flavonoids. Findings showed that nitroxin BIOFERTILIZER had linear and nonlinear regression effect on the fresh and dry weights of shoot. Increase in nitroxin also increased fresh and dry weights of leaf, stem, chlorophylls a, b, total Carotenoids and anthocyanin as well as carotenoids content of the plants linearly. The results showed that the correlation between the traits there is a significant relationship. Also fresh weights shoot with each of traits dry weights shoot, fresh and dry weights of leaf, fresh and dry weights of stem and dry weights of shoot with each of traits fresh and dry weights of leaf, fresh and dry weights of stem and fresh weights of leaf with each of traits fresh and dry weights of stem, dry weights of leaf and dry weights of stem with each of traits dry weights of leaf and stem there is a significant relationship. Chlorophyll a with chlorophyll b, total, carotenoids and flavonoids and chlorophyll b whit chlorophyll total, carotenoids and flavonoids and chlorophyll total whit carotenoids and flavonoids and carotenoids with flavonoids there is a significant relationship. The results of step-wise regression analysis showed that dry weight of stem, had positive and fresh weight of shoots reduced effect on dry weight of shoots.

Rose flower (Rosa hybrida) is appreciated for its beauty, fragrance and long period of flowering. To study the response of cut rose flower to bio-fertilizers, a factorial experiment was performed, with completely randomized design and four replications, in hydroponic greenhouse of Alandasht, Astane Ghods Garden, Mashhad, Iran, during 2009-2010. The first factor was six cultivars of rose flower including: Red ferover, Classic cezaanna, Rock feller, Rimini, Maroussia and Orange juice. The second factor was three biological fertilizers including biofarm, nitrajin and nitroxin and a no-inoculated treatment (control). In this experiment, traits such as leaf area, number of nodes, number of branches, first flowering occurrence, vase life and percentage of nitrogen, potassium and calcium were measured in each treatment and the means were compared by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results showed that the effect of cultivar and compound effect of cultivar and fertilizer for number of nodes, number of branches, first flowering date, vase life, leaf area and nitrogen, potassium and calcium concentration were significant (P<0.05). The effect of bio-fertilizer treatments on leaf area and concentration of nutrients was significant (P<0.05). The highest concentration of nutrients was observed in Red ferover cultivar. Interaction effect of cultivar and bio-fertilizer treatments showed that in the Red ferover, Classic cezaanna and Maroussia cultivars, the fertilizer treatments increased nitrogen concentration in the leaves. The biofarm and nitroxin fertilizers increased leaf calcium concentration in Red ferover and Rimini cultivars significantly (P<0.05). The nitrajin and nitroxin treatments reduced calcium concentration, as compared to control, in the Rock feller cultivar.