In this research, we simultaneously examined the natural resource curse hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in countries with high ABUNDANCE of non-renewable energy during the period 2005-2018 by the method of non-linear simultaneous equations system. The results indicate that the resource curse hypothesis is not rejected and the inverse U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is rejected, ie the paradox of the ABUNDANCE of natural resource and environmental degradation is realized. In other words, despite the decline in economic growth due to the ABUNDANCE of non-renewable energy, instead of reducing environmental degradation, we are facing an increase in it. Moreover, the results indicate a positive and significant impact of human development and private investment on economic growth and a negative and significant impact of human development and health index on environmental degradation. Therefore, for sustainable economic growth, policies such as preventing excessive depletion of renewable energy resources, investing to compensate and conserve existing renewable energy and accelerating investment in renewable energy and technologies along with promoting environmental education to raise awareness of the environmental problems is recommended.

The Sefidroud River is the largest river in the north of Iran and has a special importance in the survival of Caspian anadromous fish. In this study, the biodiversity and ABUNDANCE of fish were investigated in eight points of the Sefidroud River and one point on the sea coast from March 2022 to January 2023. There were identified a total of 40 species of fish from various ecological groups; riverine (26 species), migratory (6 species), and estuarine-marine (8 species). The highest and the lowest number of species were observed in the mid-region of the river and the marine area with 21 and 17 species, respectively. The spatial ecological niche was observed for some species such as three Gobiidae species Caspian goby (Neogobius caspius), Caucasian dwarf goby (Knipowitschia caucasica), and Iranian Goby (Ponticola iranicus) occupied the sea coast, the estuary, and the upstream area, respectively. Mugilidae species were also seen up to 10 km from the sea. The eggs and larvae of anadromous fish were observed in the highest station. Kutum (Rutilus frisii) and Danube bleak (Alburnus chalcoides) fry fish had the highest ABUNDANCE among the identified species of with 222 and 92 number/200m2, respectively. Bream (Vimba persa), Leaping mullet (Chelon saliens), European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus), Sanias spined loach (Cobitis saniae), North Caucasian bleak (Alburnus hohenackeri) had moderate frequency between 27 to 59 number/200m2 and the abundant of other species was low between 0.014 to19 number/200m2. The lowest Shannon's diversity index was in the furthest distance from the Caspian with value 1.03, while the highest value, with significantly difference p<0.05, was observed in 5 km to the sea with value 1.6  Also, the highest and lowest values ​​of the index were observed in November 2022 and January 2023, respectively.

In order to identify, density and distribution of zooplankton and its changes over from winter 2009 to summer 2010 in the 3-stage sampling was performed. A sample stuck with huge plankton net 55 microns (Judy Net) was performed, than 4% formalin fixed samples of an inverted microscope in a laboratory study. Investigation totally distinguished 31 Genus in 6 Phylums among of genus. In this regard, the following series of Protozoa and branches Rhizopoda 5 genus, Ciliophora 2 genus, branch of Gastrotricha 1 genus, Nematoda phylum 20 genera Rotatoria branch and the branch Arthropoda and the order Cladocera 2 genus with embryonic stage and the category Copepoda 1 genus with them nauplius and were Chironomidae family respectively. The combined population of the lake zooplanktons Arasbaran most diverse branches of the genera Rotatoria Polyarthra, Synchaeta, Brachionus, Keratella, and Trichocerca the greatest diversity and ABUNDANCE of this category is in the spring. In total, an average of 1, 179 per liter Rotatoria 69 percent in the lake had the largest population. Between zooplankton ABUNDANCE at different stations and months there was a statistically significant difference (P<0. 05). In the summer season with another two seasons showed significant differences (P<0. 05). Biological studies showed that plankton production potential Rotatoria branch in the lake at almost a high.

Benthic algae are the most productive organisms in aquatic ecosystemms and they’re the main source of food for benthic organisms and some fish’s larvae. The aim of this study was the Identification and study of ABUNDANCE of Epipleon algaecolonies in Shadegan international wetland. Samples collected in the one year period, from April 2010 to March 2011 according to the U.S. EPA method. 18 genius of Epipleon were identified in this study. The most frequent taxa respectively were Bacillariophyceae and Cyanophyceae, because of their high tolerance to the environmental conditions. The most important genius of Bacillariophyceae were Navicula, Nitzchia and Synedra and dominant genius of Cyanophyceae was Oscillatoria that indicating their presence in the waters with medium quality. The total mean number of Epipleon was 9555/m2 in the study area. The highest frequency of Bacillariophyceae and Cyanophycea was observed in autumnand Doragh region. According to One way ANOVA analytical method, there is no significant difference between the frequency of Epipleon genius in the different regions (P>0.05) however a significant difference was shown in the months (P<0.05). Cluster analysis showed more than75 percent similarity for 15 genius of algea and approximately 60% similarity between Doragh and Malh. Due to high salinity, Doragh and Malh, were in one group and Rgbh and Eetaysh made another group because of their similarity for little salinity.

The share of factors of production in the GDP of a country represents an overall picture of its aggregate production technology. The share of reproducible factors (i. e., physical capital and human capital), and the share of non-reproducible factors (i. e., natural capital and unskilled labor) from total production varies considerably across different countries. In this paper, the impact of nonrenewable resource ABUNDANCE or dependence on various factor shares is studied. Cross-sectional data of countries using OLS and 2SLS estimates are investigated. The results show that the share of natural capital in GDP is higher in the countries that are more dependent on nonrenewable resources or enjoy resource ABUNDANCE. Moreover, human capital share and unskilled labor share are both lower in countries with higher degrees of resource dependence. Further research is needed to shed light on how resource ABUNDANCE or dependence affects factor shares of economies.