A new water-soluble polysaccharide with molecular weight of 35. 2 KDa and a specific optical rotation of +178. 5° was extract by hot water (80° C) from the roots of Acanthophyllum glandulosum. The polysaccharide purified through DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-50 columns and the main fraction was collected and freeze-dried. Total yields of purified polysaccharide were 3. 4% and %2. 3 respectively. The purified polysaccharide had no absorption at 280 nm (Detected by UV spectrum), indicating the absence of protein and nucleic acid. Total carbohydrate content of purified polysaccharide was 98. 2%. Monosaccharide analysis by GC revealed that polysaccharide was composed of Glucose, Galactose, Arabinose and Mannose with a relative molar ratio of 2. 9: 6. 1: 0. 9: 1. 0 respectively. Its structural features were elucidated by a combination of chemical and analytical methods such as Methylation, Periodate Oxidation and Smith degradation, Partial acid hydrolysis, FT-IR and 13C and 1H NMR Spectroscopy. The data obtained indicate that purified polysaccharide possessed a backbone of α-(1→ 6)-linked Galactose with branched attached to O-2 by α-1→ linked Mannose and at O-3 by α-(1→ 3)-linked Glucose and α-(1→ 3)-linked Arabinose.

Aim: in the present study, morphology and also histology of six Nepeta species were investigated.Material and method: six species of the genus were collected from different parts of Iran.From each species, one population and from each populations three flowering stems were randomly elected. The mature intact leaf of each sample was fixed in FAA solution, and then transverse hand sections of them were double stained and examined under light microscopy.For scanning electron microscopy, a small part of leaves were coated with gold then, samples transferred to SEM for taking micrograph. The used software was SPSS.Results: Thirteen glandular and non-glandular trichomes were observed in the studied species. The morphology and density of trichomes varied between species and ANOVA test showed significant differences in some trichome types between the studied species. The peltate and capitate were the most important glandular trichomes. In addition, non- glandular hairs were existed in two forms: branched and non-branches. The branched ones were found in only one species.Conclusion: on the basis of variations in glandular trichomes, it is expected that the amount of essential oil is variable between the studied species. In addition, the abilities of species are different in maintenance of essential oil. Moreover, the trichomes can use a good trait for improvement ofNepeta taxonomy.

In the present investigation the glandular trichomes on the vegetative and reproductive organs of Satureja khuzistanica were studied using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to determine their structure, ultra structure, morphology, anatomy and development.The results revealed that there was one type protective trichome and four types of glandular trichomes include peltate, Short- stalked capitate, long- stalked capitate and conoidal trichome were found on the epiderm surface of vegetative and reproductive organs of Satureja khuzistanica.Non- glandular trichome are uniseriate, multicellular and consisting of 3 to 5 cells. Peltate trichomes in Satureja khuzistanica are two type (I, II). Type I was found on the epiderm surface of vegetative organs and type II was found on the epiderm surface of reproductive organs. Peltate trichomes consisted of basal cell, a short stalk cell (type I) or a stalk with 6 to 8 voluminous and longthy cell (type II) and a round, broad head of six to eight secretory cell arranged in a circle. Capitate trichome in Satureja khuzistanica, can be divided into two type according to the dimensions of the stalk and morphology of glandular head. Short- stalked Capitate trichomes have one basal cell, a short stalk cell with thick cutinized lateral walls and a unicellular ovoid to globoid head. Long- stalked Capitate trichomes possess one basal cell, a long two to three-celled stalk of variable length and a unicellular bulb-shaped head. Conoidal trichome consist of basal cells, a unicellular narrow stalk and a unicellular voluminous glandular head. The ultrastructure of the secretory cells of glandular trichome was charecterized by a thin wall, large and central nucleus, rich in cytoplasm contain numerous dark staining organelles and secreted substance and symplastic connection with uppermost stalk cells.

Labeling Iranian writers under a western literary school is a well-known method with our critics. A notorious example of this trend is labeling Sadeq Tchubak a "naturalist" because of the similarities between his works and the works of naturalists. The similarities include the use of low-class characters and dialing with such concepts as poverty, corruption and the use of colloquial language. The question is whether an writer having these features can be considered as "naturalist". In the meanwhile we see other critics who consider Tchubak as innovator. The present study aims to making a comparative study between Emile Zola, as the founder and the theoriticium of French naturalism and Sadeq Tchubak in a limited framework, using the novels of L'Assommoir, Nana, Germinal by the French novelist et Tangsir, Sange saboor et the short history named The Monkey whose master was dead by the Iranian writer. The present study includes the similarities and differences that exist in the characters, themes and styles of the selected works. This method will enables us to conclude that Tchubak behaves as a "naturalist" in some cases and remains an innovator in others and the label of naturalist is not a proper title for him. He is beyond any borrowed "ism".

This article aims at analyzing Sadegh-e-Chooback's stories from the viewpoint of story elements such as: plot; characterization, dialogue, etc. The main goal is to find out how Chooback, as one of the greatest short story writers, has employed the modern fictional elements based on which his style will be determined, too. It is also attempted to specify the way Naturalism and Modernism have influenced his writing style.

The leaves of thyme are the most important organs producing essential oils, and the glandular trichomes provide a unique capacity for the synthesis and storage of active ingredients. In this study, the morphological characteristics and types of trichomes' structure were measured in four thyme species including: T. transcaucasicus, T. carmanicus, T. daenensis and T. armeniacus. The results of variance analysis indicated a significant difference between species in terms of stem length, leaf length and number, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf and stem dry weight, number of glandular trichomes on the adaxial and abaxial side of the leaf, the trichome length, and essential oil yield and percentage. T. armeniacus showed the highest trichome number; while, the highest trichome length was related to T. transcaucasicus. The highest essential oil percentage and yield were observed in T. carmanicus and T. daenensis respectively, which could be due to the greater number of glandular trichomes and leaves in these species. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that among various types of glandular trichomes, peltate glandular trichome existed in the leaf of four species examined. Positive and significant correlation coefficients between the number of glandular trichomes on the adaxial and abaxial side of the leaves with the essential oil percentage and yield indicate the role of this feature in the production of essential oil. The stepwise regression analysis, implemented for dry weight, indicated that the highest regression positive coefficient was observed for the leaf dry weight, explaining 97% of the trait variation. When the essential oil yield was assumed as a dependent variable, only the trichome length entered the model and explained 49% of the trait variation.

The peduncle anatomy in 35 populations, which belonged to 18 taxa of Scrophularia L., were studied. Among 37 quantitative and qualitative characters related to peduncle anatomy, several traits showed more taxonomic value for taxa delimitation, including presence of palisade parenchyma and the number of its layers, the presence of phloem fiber, the presence of bundle sheath, the presence of lamellar collenchyma at ridge location and the number of its layers, the dimensions of cross section, thickness of vascular bundle, the dimensions of pith parenchyma, thickness of xylem, thickness of parenchymatous part and thickness of lamellar collenchyma at ridge location. Finally, in comparison with the results obtained by Grau (1981), in which 12 groups have been introduced, the current study confirms the validity of 3 groups. However, for the remaining groups, no noticeable concordance was found.

Aims: Salvia L. with more than 1000 taxa is the largest genus in Lamiaceae family, that naturally grows in diverse regions of the world. The genus is represented in Iran by about 60 species, which 17 of them are endemic for the country. Salvia macrosiphon Boiss., is an annual aromatic herb of this genus, which is widely distributed in diverse parts of Iran. Due to the presence of a wide range of secondary metabolites (especially essential oil), this plant has been widely applied in the traditional medicine to cure different diseases. Various types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes have been detected in Lamiaceae taxa.  Essential oils are composed of several compounds, and are biosynthesized  and stored in the glandular trichomes. Additionally, the non-glandular trichomes play the prominent roles in growth and development of plants.  This study was aimed to detect different types of trichomes on the leaf epidermal surface of S. macrosiphon, and their variations among different Iranian populations. Material and methods: Eight natural populations of this plant were harvested from diverse habitats in Iran. Plant samples were identified, according to the morphological descriptions are available in the  valuable references. Three flowering plants were selected from each population and one mature and intact leaf was obtained per individual. The leaves were fixed in fixative (F.A.A) solution for 48 h. The hand-made cuttings of leaf's blade were double-stained with methylene blue and carmine colors. Then, the thin slices of each population were examined using a light microscopy (Olympus CH2, Japan) at different magnifications. Results: the leaf epidermal surfaces were covered by a dense indumentum, which were composed of the glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The non-glandular trichomes had the simple and unbranched structures with one to five linear-arranged cells. The non-glandular trichomes had two cell types: long and short. However, the more frequent non-glandular trichomes were the long two to four-celled types. Meanwhile, in  Amir kabir population,  the five-celled non-glandular trichomes also had a high density. The glandular trichomes were detected as capitate, digitate, and peltate types. Two types of capiate trichomes were observed on the leaves surfaces: short-stalked and long-stalked capitate. The main difference between these types relates to the cell number of trichomes stalk. However, the short-stalked capitate trichomes were the dominant glandular type in all the populations, except for Arak and Mashhad populations, which had the peltate trichome as a more frequent form.  Conclusion: the capitate and peltate trichomes do not have the same ability to maintain the biosynthesized essential oil in their cellular structures. The stored essential oil in the capitate trichomes seeps out through the micropores in their apical cells. Since, the short-stalked capitate was the dominant form in most populations, the secretion of essential oil makes this species very fragrant. But, these plants are less fragrant in populations that have a higher number of peltate trichomes. The non-glandular hairs play a key role in protecting the plant from herbivore insects and the ultraviolet rays of the sun light. Moreover, they protect the leaf epidermal surface from extreme heat and cold. The type and density of other glandular and non-glandular trichomes widely differed among the populations which explored their adaptive importance in this species.