Background and Purpose: Determination of the effect of an expensive and non-absorbable element named as gold on spermatogenesis can justify the reason for its being religiously unlawful for men.Materials and Methods: 36 male Rats were divided into three groups. After the animals were made anesthetized, at the back of neck of group I, a piece of gold measuring 2x1 cm and similarly non-absorbable plastic was attached to the back of neck of second group. Neither a metal nor anything was placed on the third group. Place of cut was sutured. After first and third months, animals were made anesthetised and specimens were taken from testis and were stained with H&E staining and were examined for the structure of seminiferous tubules with the help of image tool-2 software.Results: There was no significant change in the somniferous tubules or interstitial tissue of all three groups were found.Conclusion: Probably gold in not unlawful for its organic effect but might be prohibited as an ornamenful object for men.

Introduction: Humans can rarely be used as experimental models in medical researches, because of ethical issues. Therefore, some animal models, which have physiological systems similar to humans, are commonly used. In this regard, rats and mice are the most favorable species in research models. The thyroid gland has a key role in human growth and development and is essential for normal functioning of the body systems and tissues. The aim of this study was to review rat and mouse models of hyperthyroidism.Materials and Methods: Related articles published between 1975-2014 on hyperthyroidism in rat and mice were searched in Pub Med.Results: Hyperthyroidism can be induced in animals using different doses of thyroid hormons (T3 and T4) by oral administration, injection, or with the diet. In addition, transgenic mice could act as a model of hyperthyroidism for the design of specific model of hyperthyroidism, such as Graves' disease.Conclusions: Animal models of hyperthyroidism could be used for studying the disease, treatment and identification of the molecular mechanisms involved. Pharmacologic agents are mostly used for creating animals models of hyperthyroidism because of their easy availability and low cost, compared to genetic techniques that are costly and expensive.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus is a common disease which accompanied by adverse effects on different tissues. Retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy are known long term complications in diabetes. In addition, male reproductive organ is one of the other target tissues which may affect on spermatogenesis phenomena by diabetes. In this study, the effect of experimental diabetes on a male reproductive animal model was investigated.METHODS: In this study, diabetes was induced in adult male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (120mg/kg body weight) while control animals were received distilled water. After 30 days, testes were removed and prepared for histological study.FINDINGS: Our data indicated an increase seminiferous tubule diameter in diabetic rats significantly. In addition, there was a significant cell reduction, disorganization and shrinkage in diabetic seminiferous tubules.CONCLUSION: This study revealed that effects of diabetes on spermatogenesis can be clearly detected as a disorder in structure of seminiferous tubules and cell reduction in diabetes mellitus.

Thyroid hormones affect on almost all body tissue, Studies showed this hormones change the red blood cells (RBCs) and hemoglobin (Hb), There is no study regarding effect (s) of this hormones on white blood cells (WBCs) and their precentage encountered in literature. This study evalute the effect of thyroid hormones on RBCs, HB, hematocrit (Hct), EBCs and their precentage in rat. (n=10) and control (n=10) groups used in the study. Methimazole (500mg/lit, H2O) in diking water used for twenty days to induce hypothyroidism in rats and animals of control group drink tap water. Thyroid function assessed by TSH and T4 RIA assay in both groups. Blood sample from tail of all rats in beginning and end of study under general anesthesia with diethly ether inhalation. In hypothyroid group, sentm T4 and TSH decreased and increased respectively. Also Hb, Hct, RBC s and body weight decresed significantly. In additi ........ In comparison to the control group, in hypothyroid group the perxentage of ....(P<0.001).There was no difference between other WBC types (basophil, eosinophil, monovyte) in control and hypothyroid group.According to the above results it seems that hypothyroidism may cause lymphocytopenia and induce immunodeficency in rat. Therefore, a question may exist, that which type of lymphocyte decrease? To clarify the exact mechanism (s) involed will requre further work.

Background and Objective: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used as a food additive. Several studies have reported the adverse effects of Monosodium glutamate on the testis and brain. This study was performed to determine the effect of Monosodium glutamate in rat cerebellum.Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult wistar rats randomly allocated into three groups including experiment A, experiment B and control (C). The animals in experiment A and B were received 3g and 6g of MSG thoroughly mixed with their feeds for 14 days, respectively. Animals in control group were received MSG free diet. Food and water for rats to be free in all of experimental time. The rats were sacrificed on fifteen day. The cerebellum dissected and fixed with formalin 10% buffer and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Results: Disorders and detachment were observed in Purkinje and granular cell layers. Neural cell distribution in granular layer redeuced in the experimental groups. Cellular degenerative changes in the granular layer of the experimental B were more severe than experimental group A. The mean number of neuron of the granular layer in the experimental A, B and control groups were 2750, 2140 and 3150, respectively.Conclusion: The consumption of monosodium glutamate dose dependly causes histopathological changes and reduces the number of the cerebellumllar neurons in adult rat.

Background and Aim: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are the most common cause of memory impairment worldwide. No effective drug treatment has been found to improve the memory deficit and quality of life of these patients. Considering the effects of MPL on improving memory in Alzheimer's disease and hippocampal ischemia, this study investigated the effect of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) on the spatial memory of rats. Methods: This study was conducted on 48 adult male Wistar rats (45-day-old) weighing 250-270 grams, which were randomly divided into two groups of “7 days” and “28 days”. Each group was divided into three subgroups (n = 8) including control, sham, and drug. The spatial learning and memory were assessed by the Morris water maze. Animals were trained to find the hidden platform in the maze for five days and 4 sessions every day. The drug was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle at a dose of 1 µg per 5 µL per rat, 20 min after surgery. The time spent and the distance traveled in the target quadrant were assessed on the seventh and twenty-eighth days after the last day of learning. Results: No significant difference was found between the groups in the time spent and distance traveled in the target quadrant during the learning phase. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between groups in memory recall at both 7 days and 28 days after the training period (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In our study, MPL 1 µg/5 µL/rat did not affect the spatial memory of rats. ‎

Environmental pollutions is a global problem which is the most important goals of researchers. In developing countries, the pollution of the heavy metals in the environment is a serious problem. Arsenic is one of the heavy metals in the environment. In addition to natural resources and as a result of using these metals in various industrie-products like paints, ceramics, etc..., the environment is getting more polluted than any other time. By entering this element in to the body, it causes several side-effects in organs such as digestive, nervous, renal, reproductive and cardiovascular system. Lauwerys et.al (1995) showed that rats exposing for short periods to the pollution of heavy metals could have unfavourable effects such as damaging of the enzymes system. The aim of this study is to find the effects of arsenic on blood cells in rats. To perform these experiments, 16 rat were devided in to 4 groups. It is notable that each group was kept separate. The first group was exposed to 50mg/l arsenic in drinking water. The second and third groups were exposed to 100mg/l and 200mg/l of arsenic in drinking water respectively. The fourth group was considered as the control group. After 2 months of treatment, blood-sampling was done and some laboratory tests were conducted on the blood cells. The analysis showed that different concentration of arsenic has special impact on the blood cells. These impacts are non significant change in the red blood cells, but they are quite meaningful in some blood whit cells such as monocyts, lymphocyte, basophile and eosinophils. The reason of non significant in rats red blood cells are in realation to more resistance of rats to environmental pollution compare to the humans.