Stringent Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary standards ((SPS)) have proliferated in the aftermath of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA). According to WTO rules, countries are allowed to adapt regulations under the (SPS) in order to protect human, animal and plant health as well as environment, wildlife and human safety. These standards are currently becoming a major stumbling block in agricultural trade for developing countries. Limited by inadequate resources and expertise, among other things, these countries also have poor participation rate in discussions related to (SPS) that impedes the representation of their interests and concerns in setting international standards for agricultural products. This paper estimates the trade effect of (SPS) regulations on the export of Shrimp in Iran. Our results suggest that these measures have a negative impact on the export of Shrimp from Iran. The demand for agricultural products is increasingly focusing on quality, packaging, labeling, and standards of products. Therefore, to increase shrimp export considering such measures are recommended.

Interaction of Chrysosporium (SPS). and Aspergillus (SPS). with aqueous AgNO3 was investigated for synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Biological reduction and extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles in 28 hour at 27oC and pH 5.6 was done. The nanometallic dispersion was characterized by surface plasmon absorbance measuring at 424-530 nm for Ag nanoparticles. High resolution transmission electron microscopy showed the formation of silver nanoparticles in magnification of 50-100 nm. XRD analysis of the silver nanoparticles confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles at average size of 29.18 nm.

Background and Aim: The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement ((SPS)) govern regulations aimed at protecting human, animal and plant health. Today, in the international system of many governments, regulations have been established to ensure the health of consumers' food and to prevent the spread of pests or diseases among animals and plants. This health (human and animal health) and phytosanitary (plant health) measures in the form of international commitments have raised the protection areas to some extent, but the challenges facing the effective implementation of guarantees lead to non-compliance with international commitments in It has various forms that can threaten human health. Method: This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and by referring to documents, books and articles. Ethical Considerations: In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected. Results: In relation to regulations related to health and safety, the Agreement on Technical Barriers (Conservation of Natural Habitats) over trade has been replaced by the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures ((SPS)). The occurrence of danger for human, animal and plant health has been compiled. In this article, we will examine the measures taken in the (SPS) agreement. Conclusion: The purpose of this agreement is to create a framework of rules and principles necessary to develop, approve and implement sanitary and phytosanitary measures in order to reduce the negative effects on trade. Among these forms, we can mention the requirement to import products from disease-free areas, product inspection, special inspection or processing of products, determining the maximum allowed levels of pesticide residues or the permitted use of certain additives in food. Please cite this article as: Paksima I, Mirabbasi SB, Sadeghi M, Mousavi Mirkolaei ST. An Analysis on the Legal Development of Human, Animal and Plant Health with an Emphasis on the Agreement on Health and Plant Health Measures ((SPS)). Medical Law Journal. 2024; 18: e17.

The "Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures" is one of the main agreement under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) which is called (SPS). This agreement includes the rules on application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures. The purpose of the first measure is protection of human health and life of animal. The aim of the second is on the protection of the health of the plant. Nevertheless, the ultimate goal is to protect human health and environment. Well-known examples of the measures can be noted as nutrition standards, licensing procedures transportation rules, and quarantine.Contracting States of the (SPS) can legitimately take the sanitary and phytosanitary measures to prevent the importation of hazardous materials, which are considered as a threat to health and life of their citizens, into their territory.Since the purpose of the WTO is to liberalize trade, the imposition of any trade restriction shall be in accordance with related terms and requirements which ignoring them may lead to the responsibility of the State. (SPS) and its supplements regulate the terms and conditions of resorting to these measures under the main obligation of the contracting States. These terms and conditions are necessity, scientific justification and risk assessment. These requirements are decisive criteria for finding the legitimacy of contracting State’s action.This article will examine and analyze these three requirements along with the related case law from the perspective of health protection.

History inertial measurement unit (IMU) dates back to 1930. At that time, the technology because of its serious limitations on size, cost and power consumption, and the public was not applicable to small devices. Recent developments inertial measurement unit of MEMS sensors that are lighter, smaller and cheaper than other types of systems are inertial. These have made the inertial sensors in a variety of small devices such as mobile phones placed today. In this article, the first to introduce a variety of inertial systems and focus more on MEMS systems has been based on the mathematical model used where errors bias, scale factor and non-orthogonal axes is located. In summary, each of these errors can be expressed as follows. bias is the measurement error, regardless of the forces or the input rate of the sensor. The scale factor expresses the scale of the relationship between the output of a sensor with the force or the rate applied to the sensor. In other words, this error shows the difference between the ideal observation and the output of the sensor, and linear gradients are generated in observations in the inertial navigation systems. non-orthogonal axes between the axes is a defect in the construction and a lack of alignment of the three axes of measurement in the accelerometer or gyroscope. The following guidelines are provided to calibrate the static inertial systems. The methods by six static position ((SPS)), multi-position (MP) and recursive least squares (RLS) is an IMU used to determine the parameters of error. In this research, OARS software is used, a data aggregation system developed on the Android operating system. With 100Hz, this software provides accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer and GPS observations at 1 Hz. Observations of these sensors are stored in the csv format software in the phone's memory. In this study only gyroscope and accelerometer sensors are used. The results showed that the proposed methods First, the mathematical model with 12 parameters high dependency between the parameters compared to model 9 parameters. Secondly, if the raw observations in a particular situation, and the values averaged better results than entering into the equation raw observations or observations been removed noises by discrete wavelet transform. The unit of measurement error values in the multi-position on the three modes obtained by 0.082345, 0.083140 and 0.082952 is. Thirdly, the results of the error measurement unit in three ways proposed by 0.146245, 0.161520 and 0.082345 and because of the need to collect data in particular (exact alignment inertial system) to determine the calibration parameters show that the multi-position method is better than the other two methods.

The influence of mechanical activation by ball milling (BM) of Ti, B and graphite powders mixture on the synthesis of B4C-TiB2 (1: 1 mole ratio) composite by Spark Plasma Sintering ((SPS)) is investigated. The milled powders at 0, 3 and 8 h were chosen for investigation of synthesis mechanism, density and microstructure of powder and dense products. Results showed the milling influence on temperature and time of reactants conversion to products, but it does not have any effect on mechanism of synthesis. The synthesis process occurs through a solid-state diffusion mechanism where the first crystalline phase formed is TiB, which is gradually converted to TiB2, while the formation of B4C takes place subsequently. Investigation showed that with using 8 h milled reactant; nanostructure composite powder could be obtained. As a consequence of the mechanical treatment up to 8h, (SPS) product density increases from about 82% to 94% of the theoretical value. Correspondingly, a material with homogeneous phase distribution and grain submicron size is obtained.

The present research was conducted to synthesize and densify Ag/8wt. % ZnO composites via co-precipitation and spark plasma sintering ((SPS)) methods. The initial precipitates were precipitated by adding ammonium hydrogen carbonate solution to a solution mixture of silver and zinc nitrate. The precipitates were characterized by using the particle size analyzer and Xray diffraction techniques. The precipitates were calcined at 500° C and consolidated with (SPS) method for 5 and 10 min at 540° C under 35 MPa in vacuum. The results showed that rearrangement and bulk deformation had a significant effect on densification of the composite powders. The scanning electron microscopy investigations revealed that the (SPS)ed composites had nearly dense microstructures with homogenous and fine dispersion of ZnO particles within the silver matrix. Moreover, it was confirmed that prolonging the sintering time from 5 to 10 min had no significant effect on the microstructure, relative density and hardness of the samples. Composites with relative densities above 99% and 62 HV hardness were synthesized through the applied procedure.