Young Adults’ Agency: A Study of Mahdi Rajabi’s The Bean Man’s Report  Roya Yadollahi Shahrah  Introduction One of the most important issues in theories about young adult fiction is the issue of agency of young adults in these stories, because it is agency that determines subjectivity in this literary type. Accordingly, the shaping of subjectivity in young adult fiction is considered as its main issue and its distinguishing feature from other types of stories.In the studies conducted on Iranian young adult novels, this issues is either ignored or left without a precise definition. The study of the hero’s agency in young adult fiction helps us understand whether young adults are imagined with or without agency in general. This is of course a very wide-ranging topic which cannot be confined to one article. The goal of the researcher is to introduce an integrated approach to the issue of the agency of young adults in the theory of young adult literature and then to analyze this issue in one exemplary story. Methodology, Literature Review and PurposeThe researcher will use content analysis with the technique of parallel methods for the first time in Iran. This is an in-depth and wide-ranging analysis which will cover all the different aspects of the issue. The theoretical basis of the article is based on this definition of agency: a position from which resistance against ideology occurs. This concept is traditionally in contrast with the concept of structure which delimits and determines the subject’s agency in the interaction process and the form of social relations.In the field of young adult literature, Robyn McCollum and Roberta Seelinger Trites have shown a relationship between the issue of agency with the issue of subjectivity. Young adult fiction is a showcase of growth, and growth means the formation of subjectivity in the young adult. The formation of subjectivity itself necessitates an understanding of social institutes and power relations and also one’s own place in these relations and power stratifications (dual understanding of structure and power).In fact, young adult fiction shows the growth of the character in the path of recognizing the relations and structures of power in the society and realizing their own place in these structures. The type and the level of agency for young adults can be described in different ways. In this study, two perspectives are combined to provide a theoretical basis for the assessment of this agency: The first perspective is Roberta Seelinger Trites’ perspective which views young adult fiction as a site of competition between romantic and postmodern attitudes. The first attitude emphasizes the subject’s independence, self-determination and individuality with rejection of society; but the second attitude emphasizes the importance of social institutions in constructing subjectivity and defines growth as the increase of a person’s understanding of the determining power of these institutions.The second perspective is Karen Coats’ which views young adult literature as the site of appearance of two aspects of young adults’ identity: the monstrous identity and the generative identity. Young adults are initially viewed as dangerous for the society because they are thought to have a potentiality and a tendency toward destroying social values; however, one should not forget that on the other side, young adults are on the threshold of an ethical and complex understanding of the world which shapes their ethical agency and creates a generative identity for them which is committed to taking care of other human beings and making connections with others. In Coats’ view, if the society is ready to accept young adults, it helps them to develop this generative identity and to shape their ethical agency based on it. DiscussionThe analysis of stories with the combination of these two views will show us, first, whether the agency of young adults in the stories under study is closer to the romantic approach (individualistic) or the postmodern approach (socialistic); and second, in this type of agency, whether the monstrous aspect or the generative aspect is more prevalent.The story which will be analyzed in this study is a short story by Mahdi Rajabi entitled “The Bean Man’s Report” in which it is easier to classify power structures. Also, prior to a methodical analysis, the hero of the story –who is also its narrator- seems to be relatively passive with weak agency.A theoretical concept is needed for any type of analysis. In the analysis with the technique of parallel methods, we use both types of inductive (self-made) and deductive (theory-based) categories. In this analysis, we have extracted the representation of main issues (agency, power structures and subjectivity) with the help of inductive reasoning. Accordingly, we have classified the power structures in three categories: characters and institutions, things and lifeless nature (related to value-ideology) and concepts revealing value-ideology.The characters and institutions are formed in four directions, each of which related to things and concepts of specific value-ideology from three categories above. The narrator of the story is surrounded by these four directions and the three main categories which construct the power relations. The researcher has tried to analyze the relationship of the narrator with each of these items. ConclusionAll the instances of the narrator’s interaction with these structures (pinpointing their contextual situations) were collected. Put together, these interactions show that in the beginning of the story, the hero is relatively passive; however, as the story goes on and the hero gets conscious of the other parts of the power structure, he moves toward taking a specific stance (which tends toward the father) which is not explicit first, but becomes more and more obvious. The most obvious characteristic of this stance is the rejection of the society and ignoring the structures. These characteristics show that the young adult’s agency tends toward the romantic approach; while the significance of power institutions and death (a biological and inevitable fact which limits agency) is also emphasized by the fact that the story open-ended and puts forward the possibilities of death or insanity.On the other hand, the narrator’s emphasis on “being together” (in the form of a small family) relates this romantic agency to generative identity. It should be noted that the open ending of the story relates it to the destructive (monstrous) identity, too. On the whole, we can identify the type of agency for the hero of this story as a romantic and generative– monstrous agency. Keywords: young adult fiction, postmodern subject, romantic subject, agency, The Bean Man’s Report, Mahdi Rajabi References: Aghapour, F. & Hessampour, S. (2016). A study of carnivalesque elements in Iranian young adult novels based on the theory of Mikhaeil Bakhtin. Contemporary Persian Literature, 6 (1), pp. 1-23.Coats, Karen. (2011). Young adult literature: Growing up, in theory”. In Wolf, Shelby A. et.al. (ed.), Handbook of Research on Children's and Young Adult Literature (pp. 315-330), Routledge.Giddens, A. (1997). Sociology. Ney.Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical foundation, basic procedures and sofware solution. Kalegenfurt.McCallum, R. (2002). Ideologies of identity in adolescent fiction: The dialogic construction of subjectivity. Garland Publishing Inc.McDonough, M. S. (2017). From damsel in distress to active agent: Female agency in children and young adult fiction”. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Louisville.Meqdadi, B. (1999). A dictionary of literary terms, from Plato to contemporary times. Fekr-e Rooz.Nikolajeva, M. (2002). “Growing up: The dilemma of children’s literature”. In Sell, R. D. (ed.), Children's Literature as Communication: The ChiLPA Project, John Benjamin Publishing Company.Pashaei, R. (2012). Agency in Khaleh-Sooskeh and Who Took Pari. The Research Journal on Children and Adolescents’ Literature. No. 53, pp. 117-122.Rajabi, M. (2016). The bean man’s report. Peydayesh.Seelinger-Trites. R. (2000). Disturbing the universe: Power and repression in adolescent literature. University of Iowa Press.Weissman, J. & Swansrtom, E. (2016). Gender and agency in young adult fiction”. Undergraduate research Journal, Vol. 5, p. 6-12.  

In the present age, with the increasing growth of new science and technologies, fundamental changes in values and norms, and the multiplicity and entanglement of social and political systems; The nature, form, variety and manner of committing crimes have also changed a lot. Given that crime emerges in the context of social conditions, in this study, in an interdisciplinary study between criminology and strategic sciences with a "descriptive-analytical" method and using the criterion of modern social classification, we seek to divide Present a new classification of crimes in accordance with the complex conditions mentioned above. According to the achievements of this study, unlike the major classification system, inspired by the model of "community management system in modern perception" as well as strategic science data, crimes in three new levels: 1- Strategic or imaginary-paradigm crimes ; 2- We have classified tactological or managerial crimes and 3- technological or individual and technological crimes. In this regard, contrary to the common perception in the alloying of crimes into Micro and Macro crimes, this research in the new alloy, crimes in four layers Nano, Micro, Macro And Super is divided according to the two criteria of Sibel or the target environment of the crime and on the other hand the damages. Finally, by combining the above topics, in a matrix structure, a new classification of crimes in the form of a doctrine can be achieved, which in this research is referred to as "crime Rating ".

The issue of unification of the intelligence and the intelligible is a long-standing issue in divine philosophy, but it faces challenges with pre-Sadra principles that have forced critics to react negatively. Mulla Sadra has tried to analyze and establish this issue with the method and principles of Transcendental Wisdom, and post-Sadra scholars have also looked at his arguments with great sensitivity and added other arguments to it. Recently, an article, with the claim of restriction of Sadra's arguments for this issue to three, has criticized these arguments, and finally suggested the silence approach, instead of arguments, before this issue. An explanatory look at the Mulla Sadra’s arguments and his principles and the examination of the aforementioned article show that the silence approach before this issue is not correct.

A lot of experts either have completely confirmed bureaucracy or have regarded it as inefficient and declining (History), for this reason, different dimensions of bureaucracy from different perspectives have always been criticized and analyzed (Background), however, the degree of the compatibility of its principles with Islam's teachings has not been evaluated (Problem), that is: Which principles of bureaucracy, to what extent and with what conditions, are confirmed by Islam.(Question) Our assumption is that contrary to the practice of western thinkers which either have completely rejected bureaucracy or have completely confirmed it, Islam has specific conditions for its implementation while confirming some of its principles. (Hypothesis) In the present paper, interpretive and comparative methods were used in data collection and analysis (Methodology) in order to find an answer to the question. (Objective) Investigations show that although the totality of the principles of bureaucracy can be accepted, Islam has considerations and conditions for each of its principles which in practice lead us towards basic redesigning like orbital structure instead of hierarchical structure (Finding).

In a previous scholarly contribution (A1), a critical examination was conducted wherein the foremost arguments substantiating and challenging the theory of the "amalgamation of the intelligent and the intelligible" were scrutinized. Through a meticulous critique, I advanced the proposition that a stance of reticence should be adopted concerning this theory. The approach characterized by reticence has encountered critique in another scholarly investigation (A2), wherein the author endeavored to salvage the "mutual correlation" argument from the perceived challenges presented in my article. In the present article, upon scrutinizing A2, I have demonstrated: 1-A2 effectively abandons the "mutual correlation" argument and advances alternative contentions not articulated by Sadra himself; 2-these contentions prove inadequate in substantiating the postulated unity of matter and form integral to the theory of the "amalgamation of the intelligent and the intelligible"; 3-none of the objections posited by A2 find incorporation within A1. It has been clarified that being non-material is not a condition of being intellectualized, and this matter does not contradict being non-material of perceptual forms. It is also known that the condition of being actually intellectualized is being non-material substance.

By observing froth surface, operators can usually determine the metallurgical parameters (grade and recovery) of the flotation process, but it is associated with many problems such as the inability to continuously monitor significant differences with operation results, and various observations by different persons. In this study, the physical and structural properties of flotation froth images have been investigated to determine the metallurgical parameters of copper oxide ore. Pre-processing and processing of images obtained from the flotation froth were studied using artificial neural networks in the MATLAB program. The estimated grade was compared with the actual grade to check the accuracy of the system. Studies show that when the three color characteristics (red, green, and blue colors) of images are used to determine the grade of froth, these three characteristics alone are not sufficient to estimate the grade, and the amount of error rate is 21.7%. When factors of the three color characteristics and their standard deviation were studied for estimating the grade, the error rate reached 8.7%. Finally, the simultaneous studies of 11 characteristics including color channels, their standard deviation and haralic characteristics (entropy, contrast, energy, correlation, and gradient-density) showed a very good similarity between the actual grade and their predicted grade. The calculated error rate was greatly reduced to 2.3%. The method of work was including of the picture taking of froth flotation, pre-processing and processing of images, characteristics extraction, system training, testing and validation, and finally, the results showed that the amount of froth grade in the online form.

Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive bacterium divided into five major A, E, and iota toxins based on the four main toxins. Epsilon toxin is a potent clostridial toxin and a major toxin of Clostridium Perfringens B and D types, and is the cause of gangrene gas in humans and enterotoxemia in human. For safety assessment of the vaccine, which is important for prevention of this disease, has been proposed SN (Serum neutralization test) method in the pharmacopoeia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ELISA as an alternative method for measuring of epsilon antitoxin. First, vaccine potency test was performed using conventional method and the sera obtained were measured using both conventional and ELISA methods. The negative control cut-off was calculated 0. 42 and cross-examination was shown that epsilon toxin had no cross reaction with other toxins of Clostridium spp. The results of this study showed that there is a significant agreement between two tests for serum samples of vaccinated rabbits by polyvalent vaccine. Linear regression analysis gave correlation coefficients of 0. 697 for the indirect ELISA, with a significance level of P<0. 01. Finally, ELISA test could be used as an alternative MNT test which used for detection antibody in laboratory animals. However, further research in this field is needed for target animals.

Presently, significant growth of ecotourism is due to its special place in scientific and economic communities as well as the positive impact on environmental attitudes, sustainable development and revenue. The aims of this study are to develop a method based on field studies and questionnaire, to evaluate the ecotourism development potential in Abbas Abad wildlife refuge. According to field surveys and experts’ opinion, ecological value of the biosite was estimated using sum of scientific and supplement criteria. Then, its management value was achieved using sum of protection and efficiency criteria. Results revealed that Abbas Abad biosite with a value of 15.6 has high potential for development of sustainable ecotourism. Mean values of ecological and management criteria are9.05 and 6.01, respectively, and supplement criteria with amount of 93.55% has the highest value. In the scientific criteria, indices of the rare species of animals and plants, and the biological attractions and geotourism phenomena introduced in magazines, respectively, with values of 1 and 0.5 have been allocated the maximum score. Therefore, with the introduction of the ecology and management values of Abbas Abad wildlife refuge and planning according to its capabilities, the biosite can become a top destination for tourists and nature lovers.