انسان با تهذیب نفس و علم حضوری می تواند حضور علت هستی بخش را درک نماید؛ لذا در فلسفه اسلامی خداوند حاضر علی الاطلاق است. اما پرسش از چرایی عدم انکشاف حضور الهی به طور گسترده برای بشر از طریق روش هایی مانند تجربه دینی ذهن فیلسوفان دین را به خود مشغول داشته است و تقریرات شلنبرگ در استدلال به اختفای الهی برای الحاد، در این میان نقش محوری دارد. عمده پاسخ ها به علت اختفای الهی از منظر وجودی، فلسفی، عرفانی و کلامی است. اما در پژوهش حاضر به روش تحلیل محتوایی سعی شده است رویکردهای انسانی تراویس دامزدی مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. وی با بیان مواردی مانند شاخص انزجار آسیب دیده، شاخص انزجار محدودیت وجودی، شاخص ترس و امید و شاخص از خود بیگانگی سعی در طرح دلایل اختفای الهی نموده است. در این مقاله عمده نقدهای این رویکرد انسانی مواردی چون نسبی گرایی و استقرای ناقص، بی نیاز نبودن از رویکردهای کلامی مانند تدبیر، حکمت و لطف الهی، ارائه تصویری منفعل از خداوند و عدم توجه به بعد اجتماعی دین، دانسته شده است.

A B S T R A C T Collecting, managing and analyzing the required data is a basic precondition in the field of macro and integrated urban management. Today, this operation is feasible in the form of SDI, the evaluation and identification of its implementation platforms is one of its key issues. The purpose of this study is to identify the limiting factors for the creation and establishment of urban spatial information infrastructure in Ahvaz, based on the basic fuzzy model of the readiness index. The research data was collected in a survey and then analyzed in a spatial information infrastructure readiness model. Therefore, Ahwaz urban spatial information infrastructure has been evaluated in five organizational factors, human resources, information, technology and finance, and in the form of 16 decision criteria. In the first step of the research, the required data were extracted from questionnaires completed by experts and specialists familiar with SDI and GIS, from government centers and the private sector in Ahvaz. In the next step and after data collection, the values of general indicators and five factors were calculated based on the model used in the research. The general findings of the study showed that the readiness index of Ahwaz urban spatial information infrastructure is equal to 0.47. Evaluation of the studied factors of the model showed that the organizational factor is the most important limiting factor in the development of SDI infrastructure in Ahvaz and among the criteria, the highest and lowest scores have access to location-based software and individual leadership, respectively. In total, according to the results of this study, 44% of the 16 decision-making criteria (including 7 criteria) were below the average (50%), which acted as the main limiting factor in the development of Ahwaz urban location information infrastructure. Also, based on the results of this study, it seems that in the development of urban SDI in Ahvaz, non-technical factors can be more effective as a limiting factor than technical issues. Extended Abstract Introduction Today, cities have a variety of aspects, each of which carries a large amount of data and information. The aggregation, organization, and management of this vast amount of data, most of which is geometrically and geographically structured, will not be possible with the past traditional methods. Therefore, to increase efficiency and optimization in this category, the need to use spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is obvious. In fact, SDI is seen as a stable mechanism for connecting users 'and data producers' spatial information. In this regard, today, the concept of spatial data infrastructure is considered an effective and useful tool for sharing data related to different sources and decisions in urban management. Access to many of the goals and requirements of different organizations depends on access to up-to-date and integrated spatial data. This is especially important at the macro level. Thus, SDI is considered as a platform for empowerment in communities in the field of location-based information. The nature of the data required in urban management is such that it must be collected and integrated through various data sources and used in the relevant analyzes. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the existing infrastructure of Ahvaz in terms of readiness for acceptance and implementation of urban SDI based on the index evaluation model of readiness index. The results of this evaluation by identifying and reflecting the limiting factors of urban location-based data infrastructure development can provide the necessary information for decision-makers and managers of Ahvaz SDI, fill the existing information gap related to the development of Ahvaz urban location-based data infrastructure, and finally, improve the knowledge of the SDI community and determine the national status of the urban SDI of Ahvaz.   Methodology The methodology of the research is based on descriptive-analytical approaches. The data and information have been collected by surveying the city's experts. A questionnaire   containing 16 questions was prepared through a survey to measure the 16 decision criteria of the readiness index and then based on a range of seven options. The organizational factor is an indicator calculated based on three criteria of politicians' views on SDI, organizational leadership, and legal protections. Politicians’ views on SDI are applied to gauge their awareness of the importance of SDI development. Because many of the evaluation criteria are qualitative, the SDI readiness index model is based on compensatory fuzzy logic. A small SDI readiness index is obtained by calculating the geometric mean of the five organizational factors, information, human resources, financial resources, and technology. Similarly, the values ​​of the factors are calculated according to the values ​​obtained for the criteria. The values ​​of the criteria were determined based on a survey of qualified experts in the field of SDI in the form of quality measurement scales from very high, high, medium, weak to very poor, and then with the help of a weighting system (between zero and one) are converted into small values. It is best to set these weights based on expert expertise to minimize the impact of personal and tasteful misconduct. In total, the numerical values ​​calculated for the combined index, factors and related criteria are in the range of zero and one (1-0). The number one indicates complete readiness, and the number zero indicates the unpreparedness to accept the urban SDI of Ahvaz.   Results and Discussion In the survey data collection stage, the first attempt was made to use as many experts as possible in the field of spatial information infrastructure. Due to the lack of experts in the field of spatial information infrastructure, the survey was conducted with the participation of 14 experts, who mainly worked in GIS or IT units. At the end of the survey, the data and information recorded in each questionnaire were entered into Excel software and then the qualitative values of the options were converted into small values.  In the next step, using these values, first for each questionnaire, the score of each of the five factors and the overall index of the model were calculated and then by geometric averaging, the final scores of the factors and the overall index of the model were determined.   Conclusion The results showed that the SDI readiness index of Ahvaz is equal to 0.47. This value is lower than the average (0.50), which indicates the weakness of the existing infrastructure in Ahvaz to accept and launch an SDI, so improving the status of limiting factors to facilitate and accelerate the creation of SDI seems a necessity. Moreover, organizational factors, human resources, and information were recognized as the most important limiting factors in developing SDI in Ahvaz, respectively. Also, the review of decision-making criteria related to the five factors studied showed that the criteria of individual leadership, politicians' views, organizational leadership, legal protections, private sector investment and access to metadata, with scores lower than the average, are not satisfactory and can be one of the key limiters. On the other hand, the study of limiting factors and criteria showed that most of the limiting factors and criteria are non-technical in nature and the role of technical issues in the development of urban SDI in Ahvaz seems less than non-technical issues. Of course, this conclusion does not mean less technical issues in the development of urban SDI in Ahvaz because among the limiting criteria, access to metadata, as an example of technical issues, scored about 0.39 and upgraded its current status to the conditions. It is essential to support the Ahvaz urban location-based information infrastructure. Despite these barriers, the favorable situation of access to location-based software, web access, government investment, human capital and progress in the field of geographic map and data has been the most critical strengths identified in the research.   Funding There is no funding support.       Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In the midst of extreme events, the drought is occurring gradually and taking its effects during the longer time. Among the drought monitoring methods, Nalbanti proposed SDI method based on the analysis of drought characteristics based upon the volume of the cumulative river. Being easy is of this method’ s advantages. This method has been used to analyze the drought characteristics of many countries such as the United States, India, Iran, Iraq, and Greece. The mean of average annual precipitation is 437 mm in Kermanshah province which has been increased in recent years during the humid season and has been decreased during the dry season, for climate changes and temperature increase. The difference in river volume between the humid and dry seasons has led to the drought. This research aims to investigate the continuity and severity of hydrological drought via using Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) based on the 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24-month periods in this province. Daily Dubai data was used from 10 hydrometric stations for a 31-year period (1981-2011) in order to achieve this goal. The result of the river flow index showed that wet years began in 1363 and continued until 1998 at the stations of Totshami, Shah Gozar, Arangharb, Doab, Polchehr, Khers Abad, DuabMerk, and Ghorbaghestan. And the drought began since 1998 at the stations of Totashi, Arangharb, Plochehr, Khers Abad, DuabMerk and Ghorbaghistan and continued till the recent years (2011).

Groundwater and surface water resources are severely affected by the lack of rainfall. Several indices provided for evaluation of drought based on meteorological and hydrological variables. In this study, condition of meteorological and hydrological drought was evaluated by SPI, SPEI, SDI and GRI. The correlation of indices was evaluated at different time scales. Base on the results, SPEI has higher correlation than SPI with SDI at 9 and 12 months’ time scales and in the same month and one month later. Also SPEI has highest correlation with GRI at 24 and 48 months’ time scale that shows the impact of meteorological drought on groundwater level after two years and more. Knowledge of interval time between of meteorological drought as the main factor of drought would help to manager and planner for management practices in order to cope with drought due to lack of surface and ground water resources.

The study discusses the traditional and online procedures and outlines of SDI service. The paper has also taken an initiative to formulate an exact matching technique between user’s subject interest and document profile with exploration along with electronic delivery of voluminous information technique. It also discusses some standard features and model of user profile. Finally, the paper explores some possible requirements for performing online ‘SDI’ service.

Drought is a natural and repetitive phenomenon. In this study, using SDI and GRI indicators, the hydrological drought condition was evaluated and compared with meteorological drought indicators. In the MATLAB environment, the GRI index was determined. According to the results, the GRI index during the statistical period (1981-2015), the maximum drought severity was-73. 25, and the maximum duration of drought was 79 months. These values are higher than the SDI index in the same time scale and the common statistical period. The Frequency of different groups of GRI indicator in the 35-year statistical period showed that normal drought had the highest percentage of abundance. The SDI index has the highest maximum continuity in the low-level time scales compared to the drought indicators of the meteorology. Frequency of drought groups was calculated based on an SDI index for the statistical period for different time scales. The results of this study showed that SPEI on 24 and 48 months scale with 3 month delay have the highest correlation with GRI which showed the impact of meteorological drought after two years has more effect on groundwater resources. Knowing the time interval between the occurrence of meteorological drought as main cause of coming drought that could help planners and managers to take the necessary management measures to cope with the drought caused by a shortage of water resources including surface and groundwater.