انسان با تهذیب نفس و علم حضوری می تواند حضور علت هستی بخش را درک نماید؛ لذا در فلسفه اسلامی خداوند حاضر علی الاطلاق است. اما پرسش از چرایی عدم انکشاف حضور الهی به طور گسترده برای بشر از طریق روش هایی مانند تجربه دینی ذهن فیلسوفان دین را به خود مشغول داشته است و تقریرات شلنبرگ در استدلال به اختفای الهی برای الحاد، در این میان نقش محوری دارد. عمده پاسخ ها به علت اختفای الهی از منظر وجودی، فلسفی، عرفانی و کلامی است. اما در پژوهش حاضر به روش تحلیل محتوایی سعی شده است رویکردهای انسانی تراویس دامزدی مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. وی با بیان مواردی مانند شاخص انزجار آسیب دیده، شاخص انزجار محدودیت وجودی، شاخص ترس و امید و شاخص از خود بیگانگی سعی در طرح دلایل اختفای الهی نموده است. در این مقاله عمده نقدهای این رویکرد انسانی مواردی چون نسبی گرایی و استقرای ناقص، بی نیاز نبودن از رویکردهای کلامی مانند تدبیر، حکمت و لطف الهی، ارائه تصویری منفعل از خداوند و عدم توجه به بعد اجتماعی دین، دانسته شده است.

The economic factor is one of the most important factors of population mobility in the border areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of cross-border trade on demographic indicators in Tamerchin border settlements in Piranshahr. The research is conducted in descriptive-analytical method using a questionnaire. The results of one-sample t-test for the 5 main dimensions of the research show that the reflection of political dimensions has the greatest effect on demographic changes in the studied area with a score of 3.43.The next more important categories are economic reflections with a score of 3.29, population category with a score of 2.86, social category with a score of 2.57, and physical category with a score of 2.25, respectively. According to the results mentioned in the findings section, the development of cross-border trade in the studied rural settlements has not had a positive impact on the stabilization and population growth of these settlements. The lack of infrastructure, services and welfare is one of the most important reasons for lack of the population stabilization. But, cross-border trade has had a positive impact on the social and political components and improving the quality and mobility of life in rural areas, according to the results of research tests.

Introduction: As cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of disability and early death around the world and they increase the cost of health care, their prevention is deemed important. Population Attributable Fraction, one of the most important indicators in public health and closely associated with epidemiology, can help measure the effects and contribution of risk factors to public health and assess potential outcomes of preventive interventions for community health.Materials and Methods: This review article examined all papers published in scientific resources such as Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, SID and Science Direct in Persian or English from 2005 to 2015. Keywords of the present study were selected from MESH.Results: After reviewing the results of the published papers, the following factors were found contributing to cardiovascular diseases: age over 65 years (20-35%), hypertension (10-60%), smoking (10-40%), high total cholesterol (5-45%), overweight (3-50%) and diabetes (3-15%).Conclusion: It is vital that serious preventive measures be taken for screening, diagnosis and treatment of modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, obesity, overweight and diabetes.