Introduction Human resource capacity is the most important factor in the survival of organizations such as hospitals which plays an important role in the return and maintenance of patients' physical and mental health,therefore, special attention to empowering people in hospitals is more important than any organization,therefore, the aim of this study is psychological empowerment based on nurses' lived experiences. Material and Method The research was a qualitative approach and interpretive phenomenological method that aimed to discover the factors of psychological empowerment based on the lived experiences of nurses. Participants in the study were 16 nurses of Mashhad Hospital who were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected according to in-depth, individual and semi-structured interviews and the interviews continued until the data were saturated. After the written implementation of the interview, the interviews were analyzed based on the hermeneutic approach. Results Analysis of data on psychological empowerment of nurses showed that 439 codes and 4 secondary concepts, organizational culture, job characteristics, job role ambiguity and lack of job social support were obtained regarding organizational and job underlying factors. Regarding family predisposing factors, 279 codes and 5 secondary concepts of family characteristics, family role ambiguity, lack of family support, spouse and marriage demands, parental demands and family belonging were obtained. And individual / psychological underlying factors 357 codes and 5 secondary concepts of selfefficacy and skills, personal sensitivity, personal desires, work conscience, resilience self were identified. Conclusion Considering the importance of psychological empowerment, it can be suggested that hospital managers pay more attention to increasing the level of nurses 'empowerment indicators by identifying social processes that are effective in people's attitudes and creating an atmosphere that paves the way for nurses' empowerment.

Background: This research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of moral and psychological empowerment of the principals of educational schools in Mashhad city. Method: The current research was applied and conducted with a mixed approach. In the qualitative part of the community, there were expert and experienced managers of Mashhad education and training schools, 18 of whom were selected using the purposeful sampling method and considering the saturation law. Data collection tool was form and structured interview. Content analysis method was used to analyze the data. In the quantitative part of the society, all high, middle and operational managers of education and training were Mashhad, and 104 people were considered as a sample by stratified random method. The researcher-made questionnaire tool was derived from the interview results in the qualitative section. Data analysis was done using structural equations. Results: The results of qualitative analysis identified 93 indicators, which were placed in 9 main factors (dimensions). In the quantitative part, the t values of the test are estimated from 8. 34 to 1. 99, which is higher than the assumed t value (1. 96) and indicates that all dimensions have a positive effect on moral and psychological empowerment. Conclusion: The results show that in the moral and psychological empowerment of managers, first of all, attention should be paid to strengthening skills, which has the greatest impact from the perspective of the organization's employees. After that, strengthening leadership and management capabilities, meritocracy, organizational culture, recognition of human resources, self-actualization, motivating employees, ethics and communication based on respect and personality traits are next in importance.

Background & Aims: Organizations today must be run in a highly competitive environment that is accompanied by amazing developments. In such situations, managers do not have much opportunity to control employees and must spend most of their time and energy identifying the external and internal environment of the organization and leave other day-today tasks to employees. Employees can perform their tasks well when they have the necessary skills, knowledge, and ability and know the goals of the organization well. The tool that can help managers in this regard is the empowerment process. Club management in professional sports has undergone numerous changes in recent years. Changes in the rules, increasing the number of people interested in management (such as investors, sponsors, members, supporters and the media, etc. ), and the community's demand for greater transparency in management are among the most important of these factors. On the other hand, professional sports clubs in highly variable and complex domestic and international environments face many challenges such as limited and ending financial resources, increasing tasks and activities, solving rapid changes in technology, and the influx of different management ways to improve the club's situation. One of the most effective ways to achieve a competitive advantage in the current situation is to make the managers of professional sports clubs more efficient. The role of top managers in the success of the club seems to be important. In a review of 36 Brazilian football clubs, one of the effective factors in the financial and sports success of the club's management performance was introduced. Managers of professional sports clubs are no longer the cost manager and managers of a competition,Rather, like the managers of enterprises, they should seek to create a strong organizational and economic structure and work in space with the idea of increasing revenues, reducing costs, transparent financial system, efficient financial management, increasing profitability, increasing market share and gaining new markets. Competitiveness, success in competition, improving the quality of products and services in terms of their specific characteristics, and these characteristics have made the management of professional sports clubs a heavy and complex responsibility. Empowerment is a process that helps to continuously improve performance by developing and expanding the capabilities of individuals and teams. The goal of empowerment is to create an organization composed of committed and enthusiastic employees who perform their job duties because they both believe in and enjoy it. Also, the purpose of human resource empowerment is to use the potential capacities of human beings to develop organizational added value, strengthen the sense of self-confidence and overcome individual disabilities. In other words, the purpose of empowerment is to provide the best intellectual resources related to any area of the organization's performance. Managers can play a decisive role in the organization due to their impact on the behavior of subordinates and related people, therefore, the importance, role, and impact of managers, and their empowerment should be a priority in the organization's programs. The proposed models in the field of empowerment have mostly examined the empowerment of employees and the empowerment of managers, especially senior managers of the organization has been neglected despite its great importance because until there are no capable managers in the organization, there is no basis for strengthening the identified components of employee empowerment. A comprehensive look at the structure and processes in professional sports clubs in Iran shows that despite efforts to train managers, it still seems that the current management structure and methods in the study community are based on traditional views, these views and Methods In the current changing conditions, as it should be, it has not been able to provide a suitable platform for empowering the managers of professional sports clubs in Iran. Many sports managers enter the field of sports with minimal expertise and only because they are connected to political currents or centers of power. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to level the relationships between the empowerment components of the managers of professional sports clubs in Iran. Methods: The statistical population of this study included 10 experts and faculty members (sports management) of universities, managers of professional sports clubs, and researchers in the field of job empowerment who were purposefully selected. To level, the empowerment components of the managers of professional sports clubs in Iran, the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique was used with the help of MATLAB software. For this purpose, in this study, the expert judgment system has been used and a questionnaire has been distributed in pairs between groups of experts in terms of effectiveness and impact on each other. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through the face and content validity and the alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the research, the value of which was estimated to be 0. 86. Results: The findings showed that in examining the relationships between research components, the factors that had high penetration but low dependence are: (human factors), (organizational factors), (environmental factors) and (facilities and capabilities) and criteria. Which had weak influence and dependence are: (organization) and AS (comprehensive support) and variables that had weak influence but strong dependence are: (effective communication), (management style), (personal desire), (Professional empowerment) and (psychological empowerment). Finally, using the MICMAC technique, the variables were analyzed in terms of conductivity and dependence. Conclusion: According to the results, the empowerment of managers in professional sports can be interpreted as follows: Human and organizational factors are necessary reasons for the formation of a special approach to the empowerment of managers of professional sports in Iran. In fact, by improving the necessary skills of managers, increasing the level of managers' trust, not being afraid of losing power, having a proper organizational system such as planning, rewarding, promotion, training to empower managers, and also having a proper organizational monitoring and control system is a combination of There are human and organizational factors that lead to the formation of approaches such as human resource empowerment, managerial specialization and having clear goals. Finally, the special approach of empowering professional sports managers with effective communication strategies and management methods including manager communication with professional sports experts, knowledge of management styles, knowledge of different management styles of professional club management in the world, ability to choose the appropriate management style are combined. The managerial desire of the manager and the creation of special organizational units of a professional sports club as intervening conditions and in the presence of comprehensive support of the club and appropriate physical facilities of professional sports in the club, professional empowerment, and psychological empowerment will be formed as consequences. Management style was leveled as one of the influential factors in this study. Many professional sports club managers choose the wrong management style that does not suit the club's conditions, absolute bureaucratic or absolute human relations styles are not always appropriate, and a competent manager should be able to choose the right management style to suit the circumstances.

Introduction: The jobs that employees have the role of care are naturally susceptible to various types of physical and mental illnesses. Psychological well-being is one of the variables that can act as deterrent and moderating against such issues and problems. This study aims to investigate the role of psychological empowerment in the prediction of psychological well-being in health care workers. Methods: This research is descriptive – correlative study. The statistical population of this study was 720 people of the health care workers of the city of Qayen, among which, using cluster random sampling method, and 250 people were selected as sample. Data were gathered using psychological empowerment questionnaire of Spritzer and Mishra (1995) and psychological well-being of Riff (1995). The results were analyzed using SPSS software whit Pearson correlation coefficient and regression test. Results: The results showed a positive and significant relationship between three dimensions of psychological empowerment (autonomy, meaningfulness, and trust) with psychological well-being, but there was not relationship between two other dimensions of psychological empowerment (competence and effectiveness) with psychological well-being. The results of the regression analysis showed that, among the dimensions of psychological empowerment, two dimensions (trust and self – determination) have the power to predict psychological well-being. Conclusion: Therefore, human resource needs and priorities must always be considered and as far as possible, the empowerment programs in the organization must be carried out.

Background & Aim: Individuals' perception of organizational justice is very important. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between organizational justice and psychological empowerment of nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.Material & Methods: It was a descriptive- correlational study. The sample consisted of 155 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences who were recruited by random stratified sampling during 2012. Data was collected by Niehooff and Moorman’s Organizational Justice questionnaire and Spreitzer’s Psychological Empowerment instrument and analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression using SPSS-PC (v.16).Results: A significant positive correlation was found between organizational justice and nurses’ psychological empowerment (p=0.005). Also the results of multiple regression showed that interactional justice can explain %53 of the variance of Psychological empowerment of nurses.Conclusion: Regarding the significant relationship between organizational justice and nurses’ psychological empowerment, managers’ attention to organizational justice of healthcare system to improve the nurses’ psychological empowerment is suggested.

The aim of the paper was to study the effectiveness of entrepreneurship and psychological trainings on the empowerment (personal, social, economical) of educated women who had not skill, job and residing in the fourth region of Tehran Municipality. This research is quasi-experimental. The statistical populations were the whole women who were in the age range of 20-55 years, had completed high school education or above, without skill, job and lived in the fourth region of Tehran Municipality. 150 persons who obtained lowest scores in job preparation, entrepreneurship, social and life skills questionnaires were randomly selected as a sample group (100 persons were as a experimental group and another 50 persons considered as a control group). Five questionnaires were used as research instruments: personal information, job preparation, life and social skills, entrepreneurship tendencies and empowerment. For analyzing data, the model of ANCOVA was employed. The results showed that job preparation, entrepreneurship, life and social skills trainings had positive effects on the empowerment of educated woman citizens.