The gender difference, due to its importance in society, is an issue that has been focused by sociologists in recent decades. The gender differences means differences of believes between two generations in different aspects of life, such as mate selection, consumption of cultural goods, passing the leisure time, religious behavior, attitudes to gender. Iran society has been faced cultural and social changes in recent decades. The changes have been dramatic, especially in families. One of the major developments is the differences between children and parents values that have caused families to be exposed to serious challenges. Challenges questioned the traditional family style. This study, using the ideas of theorists like Mannheim (experiences of a generation), and Bangeston (socialization of generations) and Inglehart (changing values), has tried to explain the difference between generation in the family. This is a survey study and is conducted in 3 and 17 zones of Tehran with 398 people as sample of study. Statistical techniques include dispersion statistics, F-test and factor analysis. Results show that there is a gender difference between parents and children, but it is not critical. In fact, we see a relative consensus. The highest level of generation difference between children and parents refers to having a girlfriend and boyfriend, and the least difference refer to socializing with friends of the same sex.

This paper has drawn on the experimental data produced by interviews with 526 inhabitants in 64 villages of the West Azarbaijan, Esfahan, Khouzestan, and Golestan provinces; and the study was conducted in a multi stage cluster sampling method. As research results indicate, the rural youth are different from the other rural age groups in their willings to consume materialistically (using modern living facilities), migrate, and enjoy leisure pursuits by means of the mass media, and make use of television, video, and the press. However, it turned out to be no difference among the various age groups of the villages as far as life satisfaction, vision of urban and rural lives, leisure pursuits in traditional manners, and listening to radio broadcasts are concerned. Admittedly, given both their potentials in rural development and their relative differences from the other rural age groups, it is of a particular importance to focus on the rural youth in research, rural development plannings as well as the media programming.

Background and objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the generational differences in public service motivation of employees of public organizations. In other words, this study seeks to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the level of public service motivation of different generations working in public organizations? Method: In this study, a quantitative method was used for which a questionnaire of 33 statements of public service motivation after localization was distributed and collected among 351 employees of public organizations in Tehran and the analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test to assess differences of generations was exploited. Findings: The findings showed that of the four dimensions of public service motivation, all have significant differences in the four generations. Thus, there was a significant difference between the generations in the tendency to general policy-making (F = 4. 443, > p0. 01); Commitment to the public interest (F = 3. 728, p> 0. 05); compassion (F = 3. 148, > p0. 05) and self-sacrifice (F = 6. 809, > p0. 01) and in general there is a significant difference between the generations in the motivation of public service (F = 6. 832, > p01). / 0). The post hoc test also showed that the third generation (Y generation) (mean = 1. 935) had significantly more public service motivation than the first generation (baby boomer generation). Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the different generations working in the public sector in terms of public service motivation, so that contrary to conventional wisdom, people of newer generations compared to older generations have a higher level of public service motivation and all four dimensions.

The relative stability of kin-marriage in the past decades necessitates the study of its characteristics and the trend changes of such widespread marriage pattern in Iran. The present paper using the method of secondary data analysis, and utilizing the data made available by the National Iranian Census of Socio- Economic Characteristics of Households (2001), attempts to study inter-generational differences of kin-marriage in Iran. Toward such end, the behavioral and attitudinal patterns of households' siblings (the second generation) about kin-marriage is studied and compared with that of the parents (the first generation). The findings indicate that inter-generational differences of kin marriage, as related to the individual's characteristics, have not resulted in a decrease of the utility (desirability) and vogue of inter-generational kin-marriage in the second generation. On the other hand, the data suggest that both generations are influenced, behaviorally and attitudinally, by modernization and urbanism. The relationship of ethnicity with two generations' marriage pattern is indicative of a stable cultural int1uence exerted on kin-marriage pattern. The relationship of behavioral and attitudinal patterns of the siblings with their parent's marriage pattern, and the differential impact of parents' characteristics on girl and boy siblings' attitude constitutes yet another item in the l1ndings of this paper.

Human resource management today is more than ever encountered with the diversity of human resources in the organization. One of the factors of this diversity, in addition to other differences, is the difference between generations. The difference between generations has always been a problem. The purpose of the present research is to identify the generational differences between employees of public organizations. This research in terms of approach and strategy is in the category of qualitative research. Also, the present study is descriptive-exploratory type. The statistical population of the present study was executives and assistants of public agencies and organizations of Qazvin province. In order to identify the differences a semi-structured deep interview was conducted with 19 managers and deputies of executive and governmental agencies. After collecting data, theme analysis was used to analyze the interviews. The results showed that the staff of the studied organizations can be classified into three young, middle-aged and experienced generations. The extracted human resource differences related to the field of human resources were categorized into five dimensions: occupational, personality, educational, technical and motivational.

Introduction Body can be comprehended as the root of human identity, a time and a place in which the social world is embodied. Our understanding of our body and the meanings signified by this understanding vary depending on different social contexts. Moreover, adolescence is a period which body-as an unfinished and changing project-becomes an acute and critical sphere. The main aim in this article, first, is to analyse the understanding and attitude of adolescents in Tehran-as a generation-toward their body and others’ in their peer group. And second, to study the attitude adults-as previous generations-have toward this adolescents' understanding of body. In fact, the main effort is to learn how adolescents distinguish between bodies, and based on what regulations they classify bodies. And then to learn what attitudes adults have toward this understanding of body. Method This study has been done through “ Qualitative Research” and the data is grounded in “ In-depth and Semi-Structured Interviews” with 17 adolescent boys and girls (aged 15 to 18) and 14 adult men and women (aged 21 to 48) in Tehran. The Maximum Variation sampling is used for finding the cases in various types and theoretical sampling is used to achieve conceptual saturation. Finally, the interview data were coded and categorized by “ Thematic analysis” . Finding Results show modern attitude toward body prevails among adolescents and most of them recognize body changeable and becoming. Although this understanding leads to puzzlement and sometimes worry for previous generations, the change itself and its ruling regulations paradoxically follow the totally traditional and gendered (masculine body and feminine body) patterns. Although this configuration seemingly represents adolescents’ embodiment ground breaking and altered, it has roots in values and patterns of previous generations. The same values and patterns but with different emersion and representation. It needs to be mentioned, the existing and continuity of these traditional regulations lies beneath the deep layers of this understanding and cannot be revealed effortlessly. Conclusion Therefore, most of both adolescents and adults contradict the existence and continuity of these regulations. This contradiction is comprehensible. Part of the adolescents' fulfilment and identification is constructed from this contradiction they feel between themselves and previous generations. Approving this convergence of these apparently different regulations in understanding body, causes a crisis in their identification. Additionally, adults resist approving this convergence mostly because the outstanding difference they observe between the emergence and representation of this embodied understanding the adolescents and previous generations have; therefore, adults cannot recognize the fundamental and significant similarities. Occasionally, the idea of existing such contradiction gives identity to previous generations. Therefore, seemingly these two sides of this equation strive to accentuate the differences in order to consolidate the boundaries of “ self” and “ others”-as two or more different generations.

Introduction: The present study examines generational considerations associated with demographic attitudes in Iran. The importance of such studies lies primarily on the increasing pattern of the process so-called ‘, the transformation of demographic characteristics, which is also identified as one of the most important traits of contemporary societies. In this line, the main research question addressed in the present study is the whether demographic attitudes depend on generational belongings or not. In other words, are we dealing with ‘, generational divergence’,or ‘, generational convergence’,with respect to demographic attitudes? Accordingly, the research findings presented and discussed in the present study aim to address this key research question...