Introduction: Estimation of delivery date based on last menstrual period and ultrasound is common in prenatal care. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of Naegel’s rule, Naegel’s revised rule and ultrasound in estimation of delivery date.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 540 pregnant women hospitalized in Mobayyeni Hospital in Sabzevar (2007-2008) due sign of to labor. Estimated delivery date was calculated based on three methods and difference between these and ture date of labor calculated. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistical indices, Pearson correlation and T-test using Spss15. Results: Results showed that delivery happened in 6.3, 6.3 and 6.7 percent of women just on the stimated date by Naegel’s rule, Naegel’s revised rule and ultrasound respectively and delivery happened in 51.9, 67.2 and 60.7 percent of them until the estimated date. The difference between true date and the estimated date by Naegel’s rule and ultrasound were correlated significantly with fundal height and birth weight (p<0.001). Post term delivery rates were 0.4, 1.9 and 0.6 percent respectively, based on ultrasound reports, Naegel’s rule and Naegel’s revised rule. Conclusion: Naegel’s rule is more accurate in prediction of delivery date, compared to other similar studies. Using ultrasound prolongs the period preceding the beginning of labor. Using Naegel’s revised rule strongly brings better results.

Accurate prediction of parturition as a vital event, provides the possibility of better planning regarding to breeding, treatment and prevention of neonates mortality, but the special characteristics of the reproductive cycle of dogs and their breed differences make time prediction of whelping difficult. Occurrence of about 60% of dystocia in small and miniature dogs makes it more important to predict the time of whelping in these breeds. Fetometry with ultrasound is one of the accurate and practical methods for predicting the time of whelping. The aim of this research is to obtain fetometric formulas for Pomeranian fetuses in order to estimate the whelping time using ultrasound. Using serial ultrasound in 15 Pomeranian pregnant dogs, fetometric parameters were evaluated. In total, 7 internal chorionic cavity (ICC), 15 biparietal diameter (BP) and 14 crown-rump length (CRL) were measured in each dog. The relationship of BP or CRL with the number of days remaining until parturition, and ICC with the number of days after mating were analyzed using linear regression model. The growth equations for all 3 parameters were obtained as y = a + bx and the correlation coefficient was analyzed by student's t test. According to the results, there is a significant relationship between number of days before parturition and CRL or BP, as well as between the days since mating and ICC (P < 0.01). The formulas obtained from the linear regression analysis of the results of this research can be used to predict the delivery time in Pomeranian dogs.

Background and Objective: Estimation of the gestational age (G.A) and the estimated date of confinement (EDC) are of paramount important factors in prenatal care units. Naegle's rule is a usual method for determining GA and EDC based on the LMP in which 7 days added and 3 months subtracted. Nowadays sonography is one of the routine methods for estimating date of delivery and gestational age. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of Naegele's rule and sonography for estimating of delivery date.Materials and Methods: In this analytic-descriptive study, a total of 260 pregnant women from the Yazd prenatal care clinic were equally divided into second and third trimester. The EDCs of these ladies were determined by Naegele's rule and sonographic BPD and FL measurement. The values of these two methods were then compared with actual onset of the spontaneous labor.Results: The difference between EDC based on the Naegele's rule and actual onset of labor was (-5) - (+8) days. However, this value changed to (-1) - (+18) when performed sonography was based on EDC. The derived means were 2.21 days for the Naegele's rule and 4.32 days for sonography at the second trimester, and at the third trimester, these figures were 2.42 days and 9.20 days respectively.Conclusions: The results suggest that the Naegele's rule is more accurate than sonography for the determination of EDC, and these methods especially sonography become less accurate with increasing gestational age.

Sabā ’ s Shahnshahnameh as the first historical-literary source of Iran-Russia wars, is one of the works that represent the close relationship between understanding the text and its historical context; in such a way that knowing the exact date of this poem’ s composition-which depends on an accurate estimate of the poet’ s birth-plays a significant role in understanding the events mentioned in the work. Also, the importance of a primary historical source as Shahanshahnameh is related to the time span between the narration of events, and when incidents actually occurred. Although both Sabā and his masterpiece, Shahanshahnameh, are so prominent, there are not enough crucial details available of the personal and literary life of Fath-Ali Khan Sabā , poet laureate of Fath-Ali Shah’ s Court. Among the unknown or erroneous historical facts about Sabā ’ s life are his date of birth, and the composing time of his notable poem: Shahanshahnameh. In the circumstances that no primary source had mentioned these dates, the subsequent resources have been forced to estimate them, and unfortunately, they have made mistakes in their estimations. In the present study, the data are collected through Research Library Method; the collected data from the written sources was compared and analyzed. The results of this research are that Sabā was born in 1176 AH. He had been composing Shahanshahnameh at the period of 1221 to 1225 AH. and subsequently, he probably had been writing Khodavandnameh from 1226 to 1229 AH. Thus, Shahanshahnameh is the first available text about the first round of Iran-Russia wars. This Poem is the only source that has reported events simultaneously.

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality that is preventive by appropriate estimation of blood loss and its treatment.This study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of visual estimation of postpartum hemorrhage by clinicians and co worker who work in the obstetrics department.Methods: In this descriptive observational study, 199 educational/clinical personnel participated who worked in the obstetrics department of 3 training hospital in Mashhad in 2010. First characteristic of their occupation, educational and period of work experience recorded. Then scenes similar of postpartum hemorrhage were rebuilt by using of expired whole blood in five different volume (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 cc). Participants looked each scenes and estimated volume and necessary treatment and record in forms. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 12 and fisher and student tests and relation between accurate volume of hemorrhage and estimated volume and treatment, occupation and experience of participants were determined.Results: Accuracy visual estimation of blood loss in different volume of postpartum hemorrhage was between 14.3% to 52%. There was no significant association between the position of the participants and accuracy of their estimation and proposed treatments. There was no association between the staffs’ work experience and accuracy of their estimation.Conclusion: Visual estimation of blood loss was not accurate in the majority of participants. For prevention of maternal morbidity and mortality education is necessary that to be skilled for accurate estimation of blood loss.

abstractIntroduction: Politics feeds from various sources, among which the philosophy of history has always been considered one of the most important sources. The present study aims to address the question of how the philosophy of ancient Iranian history determines politics in the Iranian urban thought. In fact, understanding what and how the philosophy of ancient Iran's history influences the political thought of Iranshahri is the main problem of the present research.Methods: In order to answer the main question, the present research aims to examine the texts in which the theoretical foundations of ancient Iran are reflected. Such texts are either from the sources of the primary texts of ancient Iran or from the sources of secondary analyzes made from them. In this case, the main problem is to understand or evaluate the understandings made from such texts. For this reason, the text-based interpretation method is used, which is in the range of hermeneutic methods.Results and discutions: Iranshahri's philosophy of history can be divided and analyzed into four parts: the beginning of existence, the driving engine of history, the course of history, and the end of history. The findings of the present research show that the conflict in the past started from the conflict of Hormuzd and Ahriman and it is manifested in different levels of history, which is also formed in the earthly politics in the same framework. Time is considered as a trick of Zervan to defend the kingdom of the world from Ahriman, the driving factor of Iranshahri history, which the course of history and the passage of time increases the power of Hormuzd and his forces and destroys the reign of Ahriman. Politics in Gitti is based on the first conflict and is controlled by time, which is influenced by the initial agreement of Zarvan. Every action has a deadline that cannot be violated. Therefore, time acquires a completely political character. Time goes beyond the passive container of events and becomes a determinative activity that creates the stages of history.Conclusion: In Iranshahri's thought, the philosophy of history is the basis governing all other intellectual principles, and the order of all spheres of political and social life is affected by it. Basically, with the historical determinism that exists in the nature of this thought, political and social life is determined by relying on it. In this field, "time" is a compelling factor and the main carrier of events throughout history, and man is the only actor whose role-playing has been used in the framework of an eternal play. This is the time that has a political character and plays the main role in advancing the battle between Ahuraians and demons. It is the duality of being Ahurai/demon that casts a shadow over everything, left no tolerance in between and made human life only a path for struggle. The constant battle between good and evil is such that it becomes the main driving factor of history. The political affairs of Iranshahri have also been caught in the framework of these dualities and forced to create an irreconcilable situation for the world of Iranshahri, and according to this, in Iranshahri's thought, man lives in a "political situation"; A situation that has always put humans on one side of these two and they are always facing otherness. The philosophy of history has also determined the turning points and fundamental moments of change in the world. Here, politics is not the result of the complete will of rulers and actors, but the result of the will of time, which is realized.

Background: Maternal and fetal complications following the macrosomia are of utmost importance. The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the prevalence of fetal macrosomia and post-term delivery and multi parity as ifs risk factors in Kashan in 1999-2000.Materials and methods: It was an analytical study. During the first phase the prevalence of macrosomia was determined during a two-year period (1999-2001), then, the second phase was conducted on 110 without macrosomia (case group) and 110 without macrosomia (control). Groups were matched according to the sex, BMI. Level of education, prenatal care, mother's nationality and age. A questionnaire was used for data collection, then the role of post-term delivery (>40 weeks) and multiparity was determinedResults: Macrosomia was found in 3.04% of the infants. Post-term delivery was reported in 45.5% and 61.8% of the control and case group, respectively (p<0.02). The mean parity was 2.39±1.34 and 2.54±1.37 in the control and case group, respectively (NS).Conclusion: the prevalence of macrosomia is not high in Kashan. Post-term delivery has increased the rate of macrosomia, however. multiparity has no statistically significant association. Further studies are highly recommended.

Wheat is the main source of food production in Iran. Khuzestan and Fars provinces are the two main poles of production in Iran. Determination of wheat yield components is of particular importance in the planning of planting and production of this crop. In this study, wheat yield in different growth stages was estimated using canopy cover as well as wheat biomass using satellite imagery. NDVI and LWCI indices from Landsat 8 satellite images were used to determine canopy cover and biomass at four fields in Darab and Zarangan in Fars and Dezful and Omidiyeh in Khuzestan during two crop years. Canopy cover was determined by field imaging and application of ENVI software, and biomass was measured during growing season by field sampling to compare with estimated values obtained by remote sensing. A linear relationship was found between canopy cover and NDVI with an R2=0. 88. The coefficients of determination of this relationship in Dezful, Omidieh, Darab, and Zarghan were 0. 96, 0. 93, 0. 95 and 0. 89, respectively. Biomass was determined using remote sensing indices and average biomass of each region, during the growing season. Model efficiency values based on EF index for biomass estimation in Dezful, Omidiyeh, Darab, and Zarqan were 81, 71, 82 and 80 percent, respectively. Plotting NDVI values overtime during the growing season also provided a method for estimating the appropriate wheat planting date. This study presented a low-cost and less-time consuming method for passing difficult field measurements that can be used to estimate canopy cover, biomass, and wheat planting date in the study areas.

This study investigated the effect of sowing date and limited water allocation management for single irrigation on the grain yield of rainfed barley. The experiment was a split-split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications from 2004 to 2006 at the main station of the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute at Maragheh. The treatments comprised three sowing dates (early, normal, late) and Yesevi-93 (Abidar), and Dayton (URB79-7) barley varieties. The single irrigation allocations tested were rainfed, planting time irrigation (50 mm and 100 mm), and spring irrigation (50% and 100% depletion of available water). Grain, straw and biomass yields were measured. Barley production function was estimated for total water used (sum of precipitation and irrigation water). Generally, there was a linear function between water use and yield and the effectiveness of the amount and time water allocation was evident. Results showed that single irrigation at planting time and limited single irrigation (50% depletion of available water at root zone) at spring time (during heading to flowering stage) had significant effects on yield and water use efficiency. The average grain yield for single irrigation at planting time (3794 kg.ha-1) was about 300% more than the average for rainfed (1170 kg.ha-1). Single irrigation at planting time caused early crop establishment for autumn and relatively early maturity, which reduced the growing period. The grain yield for spring single irrigation was about 1000 kg.ha-1 more than the average rainfed condition. Spring single irrigation improved soil water content and increased yield and yield components (especially thousand kernel wt.). Thus, wheat production can be substantially and consistently increased under cooperative management of limited single irrigation and agronomic management.