Procrastination is a widespread phenomenon that has been associated with the most of cognitive, emotional, and motivational factors, about which a clear and integrated picture is still lacking, though. The aim of this study was to use primary established psychological procrastination-related factors in the base of Ellis cognitive emotional behavioral approach to examine whether reliable subgroups of procrastinators can be identified through cluster analysis. So 900 students from Tehran University (447 females and 453 males) were selected with Random multi-stage and then completed a measure of procrastination and 200 students who got high scores in procrastination on the scale of Solomon and Rothblum (1984) were selected and this sample responded to the scale of self-regulation by Green and Miller (2004), self-efficacy of Midelton and Midgley (1997), the scale of the frustration beliefs of Harrington (2005) and irrational beliefs of Koopmans et al. (1994). Two clusters were identified: The first cluster with middle scores of self-regulated and self-efficacy and high scores of irrational beliefs and frustration beliefs. The second cluster with low scores of self-regulated, self-efficacy, irrational beliefs and frustration beliefs. Based on the findings, it seems that students with high procrastination, have different motivational and belief profiles and cluster analysis can identify these profiles.

Objective: Prediction about the advance of programs for achieving to goal is revealed in hope and failure sense is revealed in hopelessness. Therefore, the aim of this research has been study of psychometric characteristics of children hopelessness scale (Kazdin, Rodgers & Colbus, 1986) in Iranian children. Method: Research statistical sample was composed of 482 female and male students of elementary school of Tehran city that were selected by multiphase clustring method from statistical population. Research instrument was children hopelessness scale (Kazdin etal., 1986). To study the scale`s reliability, Cronbach`s alpha coefficient and to study scale`s valilidity, content validity, construct validity, concurrent validity and confirmatory factor analysis were used. Results: Cronbach`s alpha coefficients showed that this scale has high reliability in both future and happiness factors and results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that model has good fitness in determining factors in the primary form expressed by Kazdin etal (1986). Conclusion: According to research results, children hopelessness scale is a reliable and valid tool for studying of children hopelessness condition in two factors of look at future and happiness in elementary students of Tehran city.

Introduction: The aim of this research was to determine the effect of coping therapy on hopelessness in infertile women in Kermanshah.Method: Among women who visited infertility clinic, 40 voluntarily enrolled in the study and were divided equally in 2 experimental and control groups randomly. In the pre test phase, infertile women (both groups) simultaneously filled out Beck’s hopelessness scale and Beck’s Depression Inventory (short form). In the next phase, only the experimental groups were treated for 8 (120 minutes) sessions in order to correct coping ways that they used in the past week. After treatment sessions finished, both experimental and control groups (simultaneously) took the post test and follow-up (after 3 weeks) phase using only the hopelessness scale.Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed coping therapy decreases hopelessness, negative perspective of future, pessimism, not having a plan for future and expecting defeat in infertile women. However, it did not significantly affected instability of thinking.Conclusion: Infertility is not the only problem of infertile women and their future fertility cannot solve their psychological disturbances. Furthermore, these disturbances may have their own negative effects on fertility. So, it is suggested to embody mental health and quality of life in their therapeutic programs.

Like the playwrights of the 1930's, Arthur Miller's imagination was fired by the Great Depression which he regarded as one of the national catastrophes in the history of the United States. It gave him what he calls a sense of the invisible world and an understanding of life beyond the purely individual and the psychological. Miller's interest in the subject of guilt is traditional and follows the usual pattern of wrongdoing and its consequences especially, alienation, disillusionment, and hatred. Miller in his plays involved himself with the strange family relationships in the complicated milieu of society in America. The hero, finding himself at odds with the immediate social circumstances, gets alienated and lonely with suffering. By the way of discussing the effects of this heightened representation of mass trauma, i.e. the Great Depression and its aftereffect alienation, this paper intends to picture alienation in most of the prominent plays of Arthur Miller.