Background and Objectives: Based on the bio-psycho-social approaches, various studies have recently been carried out on dietary patterns and other health-linked behaviors in patients with psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate dominant dietary patterns in patients with bipolar spectrum disorders due to the great importance of dietary patterns in general health of people. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional and case-control study, 90 patients, who referred to Nekoei-Hedayati Hospital and diagnosed with bipolar spectrum disorders by psychiatrists, were participated as well as 90 healthy individuals as controls using convenience sampling. The two groups were studied using demographic and food frequency questionnaires. Data were analyzed using factor analysis and independent t-test. Results: Factor analysis identified three dominant dietary patterns of 1) western dietary patterns, 2) healthy dietary patterns and 3) traditional dietary patterns. Results showed that people with bipolar disorders followed western and traditional dietary patterns, compared to the healthy group (p = 0/000). Conclusion: Based on the findings, traditional and western dietary were dominant dietary patterns in patients with bipolar disorders. These eating habits might play important roles in health problems of these patients. Further longitudinal studies on the nutrition-health interactions within bipolar patients are suggested.

Objective Patients with severe psychiatric diseases, due to the debilitating and chronic nature of these diseases, requires prolonged care by family and other rated people. In addition to the patient, these diseases affect the caregiver and create high psychological, social, and individual pressure to take care of themselves. This study aims to compare the burden of schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder (BD) type 1, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on the family caregivers in Iran. Materials & Methods In this descriptive-analytical study, using the non-probability sampling method, 450 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, BD type 1, and ASD were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools comprised a demographic checklist, short-form Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-12), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The questionnaires were distributed to the patients selected from the Psychiatric Institute of Tehran, Iran Psychiatric Hospital, and Ali Asghar Hospital. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA for evaluating the relationship of demographic factors with the amount and severity of disease burden, and interclass correlation coefficient in SPSS v. 22. Results The disease burden was higher on caregivers of ASD patients, followed by that of BD type 1 and schizophrenia patients. The highest and lowest hours of care were related to the ASD and schizophrenia groups, respectively. Women made up the majority of family caregivers. The educational level of family caregivers was higher in the BD type 1 group and was lower in the schizophrenia group. Most caregivers in the BD type 1 group were employed, while most of them in the schizophrenia group were housewives. The lowest and highest income levels were related to the family caregivers of ASD and schizophrenia groups, respectively. The highest and lowest hospitalization frequencies were seen in the BD type 1 and ASD groups, respectively. Conclusion The burden of three diseases on the family caregivers is high. It is recommended that staterun consulting and screening centers be more active in this field. Because of the low-income level of some family caregivers, it is better to plan for more employment of family caregivers with the assistance of governmental and non-governmental organizations. It is better to hold strategic classes for the family caregivers to reduce their disease burden. Different methods to reduce the burden of diseases in caregivers, such as lowering care hours and using respite care and respite recess and dividing tasks between caregivers, using social or daycare services, can reduce their symptoms of depression and anxiety. Their depression and anxiety should be monitored, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures should be used for their treatment.

2Introduction: Considering the problems of emotion regulation and social skills in adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders, one of the methods that can help these adolescents is psychosocial intervention. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of evidence-based psychosocial interventions on the recurrence of symptoms in adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Methods: In the present study, keywords like psychosocial intervention, recurrence, bipolar disorder, bipolar and related disorders, and adolescence were selected based on the database of medical subject headings (MeSH) and searched on English databases such as Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar in the period of 2008 (from March) to 2023 (until December). In this study, the PRISMA systematic review study reporting guide was used. Results: The results of the conducted research indicated the existence of problems in the sleep schedule, emotion regulation, social functioning, and problem-solving skills of these adolescents. Although drug interventions were the front line of mania treatment, psychosocial interventions using models such as psychoeducation, cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on children and families, dialectical behavior therapy, and interpersonal as well as social rhythm therapy has helped the process of treatment stability and effectively prevent the symptoms of the disorder from returning. Conclusion: Early psychosocial treatment, along with pharmacotherapy intervention, can reduce the negative impact of symptoms and lead to improved short-term and long-term outcomes by equipping adolescents and their families with knowledge and skills to improve understanding and management of the disorder.

Introduction: The Dichotomous Thinking in Eating Disorders Scale (DTEDS) is a short, self-assessment of the presence of a rigid, “, black-and-white”,cognitive thinking style. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of Dichotomous Thinking in eating disorders in Iran. Methods: For this purpose, a sample of 362 women with nutritional problems referring to health centers, nutrition clinics, and beauty institutes of Shiraz (2019-2020) were selected by convenience sampling method and Eating Attitudes Scale. In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, participants responded to the Persian version of Dichotomous Thinking Eating Disorders and Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scales. Finally, based on the data collected, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and divergent validity were employed to determine the construct validity. Moreover, the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed via internal consistency (Cronbach alpha). Results: factor analysis supported the original two-factor model of the questionnaire, and fit indices indicated a good model fit. The questionnaire's convergent and divergent validity and internal consistency were also adequate. For two factors, Cronbach’, s alpha ranges from 0. 74 to 0. 88, suggesting satisfactory reliability of the Persian version of the DTEDS. Conclusion: The Persian version of the DTEDS has adequate validity and reliability in Iranian society and is a good self-report for research and clinical settings.

Introduction: Huge similarities between clinical characteristics of borderline personality disorder and bipolarII disorder has caused many conversations in terms of the relationships between two disorders. Many studies have investigated the similarities and differences of these two disorders in the field of symptomology, pathology and etiology. On this base, the goal of the current research was to investigate and compare the executive function of borderline and bipolar II disorders patients to know more about the relationship between these two disorders. Subjects & Methods: A total of 25 patients with borderline personality disorder and 27 patients with bipolar-II disorder, who were referred to the Kamkar-Arabnia hospital in Qom, were selected through convenience sampling method. These two groups were compared together and to a healthy control group, by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, that is used to measure the executive functions. Collected data were analyzed by using independent t-test, X2 and ANOVA. Results: Results showed that two clinical groups had poorer performance in all of the executive functions in comparison with healthy controls. Patients with borderline personality disorder showed poorest performance on cognitive flexibility domain. Patients with bipolar II had lowest performance on inability to receive feedback. There was no significant difference between the two clinical groups in none of the executive functions domains. Conclusion: These results provides empirical support for previous findings, which have reported executive dysfunctions, in both groups of patients. Although, there is no significant difference between the two clinical groups in executive functions in this study, more extensive studies are needed for clarification of relationship between the disorders.