Introduction and objectives: Most of the nations and countries of the world do not have the same population composition and have ethnic diversity and plurality. Ethnic identity is one of the intermediate identities in the new era, which is beyond individual identity and below national identity. Therefore, this identity has common elements such as; Culture, history, place, language, race, religion, etc. are with national identity. The issue of ethnicity is one of the most complicated issues in various countries, and countries with social and ethnic diversity experience many challenges. Iran is also a multinational society that includes various cultural, linguistic and religious groups. What is extremely important in such societies is the creation and strengthening of national solidarity and at the same time preserving the diversity that can be seen in different fields in ethnic groups.Method: In order to investigate the two mentioned issues, the current research was conducted within the framework of quantitative method and with survey analysis. The statistical population is 299 Turkmen people and 127 Sistani people in different cities of Golestan province. Both ethnic groups are from 9 clans, which were filled in the questionnaires according to population balance. The data were analyzed in two descriptive and inferential levels, which in the descriptive level; frequency distribution and average and at the inferential level; Pearson's correlation coefficient and T-test were used. Also from theories; Modernization, relative deprivation, identity categorization were used as the theoretical framework.Findings: The results show that there are similarities and differences between Turkmens and Sistanis of Golestan province in terms of ethnic identity and national identity. In other words, although the ethnic tendencies among these two peoples are not very strong, they are more than average. But in a comparison, the statistics show that the tendency towards national identity and ethnic identity among the Turkmens of Golestan province was more than the average. On the other hand, in a comparison, there is a significant difference between the tendency towards ethnic identity and national identity, and the average tendency towards ethnic identity among these peoples is more than the tendency towards national identity. Regarding the Sistanis, these statistics show that the tendency towards national identity and ethnic identity among the Sistanis of Golestan province is higher than the average. Moreover, in a comparison, there is a significant difference between the tendency towards ethnic identity and national identity, and the average tendency towards national identity among these ethnic groups is more than the tendency towards ethnic identity. In general, the results show the relative weakness of understanding the dimensions of history among these peoples, which reveals the lack of education in the relevant fields for these peoples. At the same time, the structural limitations in the introduction and retelling of the identity and dominance of the macro culture have led the ethnic groups (especially the small population ethnic groups) to a reluctance and neglect to preserve and introduce their ethnic history, which is somehow caused by ethnic isolation.Conclusion: Therefore, in the light of cognitive, emotional and value elements, and in order to preserve ethnic diversity, ethnic re-reading should be done for these ethnic groups. On the other hand, deprivations and social gaps in the light of ethnic attitudes can provoke ethnic conflicts and tensions, which is also important with the fair establishment of social rights, not only a barrier to the feeling of discrimination and dissatisfaction and ethnic tensions arising from it. rather, it strengthened the ethnic harmony in Iran's macro-society.

The country of Iran is a multinational society that includes various cultural, linguistic and religious groups. What is extremely important in such societies is the creation and strengthening of national solidarity and at the same time preserving the diversity that can be seen in different fields in ethnic groups. The current research was carried out in the framework quantitative method and with survey analysis. The statistical population consists of 299 Turkmen people in different Turkmen-inhabited cities of Golestan province. Data analysis was done at two descriptive levels for mean and frequency distribution and at inferential level for t-tests and correlation coefficient. Also from theories; Central identity, modernization and relative privacy were used to explain some of the statistical data. In general, the results show that the ethnic tendencies of Turkmen people are not very strong in different dimensions, and this, in addition to the mentioned theoretical explanations, significantly shows the lack of understanding of the dimensions of ethnic history among these people. This issue also reveals the educational vacuum in the relevant fields as well as the predominance of the structure culture for this people. Of course, the statistics show that degree of tendency towards national identity and ethnic identity among the Turkmen of Golestan province is higher than the average. On the other hand, in a comparison, there is a significant difference between tendency towards ethnic identity and national identity, and the average tendency towards ethnic identity among these ethnic groups is more than the tendency towards national identity.

Through a secondary analysis of three waves of the Iranian Values and Attitudes Survey, this article endeavors to depict the political, cultural, and economic facets of Iranian society through the lens of identity dimensions, including national, ethnic, and class identities. The findings indicate a positive attitude towards national identity among all respondents. However, when this type of identity is juxtaposed with ethnic and linguistic diversity, varying relationships emerge between the two. While the interaction between national and ethnic identities has been synergistic in most provinces, certain vectors reveal a weakening of national identity and a strengthening of ethnic identity. Moreover, monitoring the trend of social mobility as an indicator of society's economic improvement reveals a declining trend in social mobility, leading to a shrinking middle class and an expanding lower class. The combination of this identity gap (national-ethnic) with economic deprivation and inequality provides an analytical tool for understanding and explaining the social and political actions of social forces and agencies in the current Iranian society. Keywords: National identity, Ethnic identity, Class identity, Social Status Assessment, Survey of Iranian Values and Attitudes.   IntroductionSurveys have emerged as a pivotal tool for assessing social conditions. Their widespread application worldwide has made them indispensable for understanding social dynamics. More than five decades have passed in Iran since implementing the first national survey. During this period, numerous surveys have been conducted by both academic and governmental institutions. Among these, the Survey of Iranian Values and Attitudes stands out as the most renowned national survey, garnering significant academic acceptance among social scientists and policymakers. Since 2000, four waves of this survey have been conducted at the national level. This paper leverages the findings of this survey to study Iranian society, focusing on the dimensions of national, ethnic, and class identities. Research Question(s)This article endeavors to answer the following questions through an analysis of the results from surveys on Iranian values and attitudes: How has the social situation in Iran been theorized in these surveys? What are the main components and indicators used to measure Iran's social situation? How is Iranian society structured based on identity components? Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework of value and attitude measurement (Chalabi, 2004) is essentially a conceptual map of society, aiming to provide a comprehensive and complete definition of Iranian society, including the entire society, its components, dimensions, and levels, and their interrelationships. This framework is influenced by general systems theory and consists of three levels of abstraction. The first level of abstraction shows the relationship between three components: action, actor, and the situation of action (the basic elements of the situation of action also include objects, goals, and norms). At the second level of abstraction, four types of action systems and their relationships are presented: the factual system, the preferential system (personality), the social system, and the cultural system. The third level of abstraction combines the four types of subsystems at the second level, forming the general concept of "action system" (Rezaei, 2002: 5-8). In conceptualizing "value and attitude" or value orientation and tendency, these two variables are considered to be the product of the interaction of the social and personal systems. Based on this, a list of data and outputs of the personal system is proposed for study in the present survey (Rezaei, 2002: 24). Ultimately, at the empirical level, considering some criteria such as the priority of social issues, theoretical importance, and the generality of the subject, this conceptual framework is limited to the levels of economic, social, cultural, and political attitudes. Materials and MethodsThis study employs a secondary analysis of aggregated data from three waves of a Survey on Iranian Values and Attitudes. The results are extracted and reported both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. For this purpose, aggregated data at the provincial level is utilized. Using a statistical weighting technique, a single score of-2 to +2 was calculated for each province's identity indices. These scales were then standardized on a 0-100 scale to enable comparison of results. A reconstructed table of scores for national, ethnic, and class identity components for all provinces is included in the article's appendix. FindingsData analysis of a two-dimensional vector encompassing national and ethnic identity indicates that a majority of the country's provinces exhibit a high degree of national identity coupled with a moderate level of commitment to teaching local languages. Nevertheless, there are specific instances that reveal an incongruity between these two components. Furthermore, an examination of class structure and mobility trends in Iranian society between 2000 to 2003 suggests a relative improvement in upward class mobility. However, this trend reversed in 2015, with a majority of the population experiencing downward mobility. Additionally, the class gap index reveals a consistent widening of the class gap over this period. This is attributed to a decline in the size of the upper and middle classes and a corresponding increase in the lower class. In summary, the data analysis indicates that over the past two decades, there has been a decline in individuals' class positions, a heightened sense of inequality, and an expanding class gap. ConclusionThis study suggests that Iranian society can be categorized into three types based on their national and ethnic identities. The first type includes provinces with a strong national identity and a moderate ethnic and linguistic identity, which is the majority. The second type consists of provinces with a strong ethnic and linguistic identity but a weak national identity. Lastly, the third type is characterized by a strong national identity and a weak linguistic identity. This categorization is based on subjective assessments and needs further validation through more rigorous studies and empirical data. The study also looked into the social class of the surveyed individuals and examined both the static and dynamic aspects of Iran's socioeconomic stratification system over time. The findings revealed a notable increase in inequality and class divisions within Iranian society. The combination of inequality, class divisions, and specific ethnic and local identities provides a useful framework for understanding and explaining the social and political actions of Iranian society. AcknowledgmentsThe initial version of this article was presented at the National Conference on the Social Situation of Iran, hosted by Allameh Tabataba'i University and supported by the Ministry of Interior's Social Affairs Organization in Murch 2022. The author would like to express their gratitude to the organizers and supporters of the conference for providing the opportunity to present this article and subsequently revise and expand it to its current form.  

National identity, as the largest level of identity in any society, shows the relationship and belonging of a person with his country and is very important. The wideness and plurality of national identity studies makes the necessity of a systematic review of scientific researches to draw a comprehensive picture of the studies done in this field even more obvious. The purpose of this research is to design the model of the components of national identity in Iran through the study and summation of the researches conducted in the field of national identity and with the meta-combination approach. The current research method is qualitative and the statistical population of this research consists of all the scientific and research articles conducted in Iran on the topic of national identity from 1388 to 1398, which are in one of the scientific information databases of SID, Noormags and Magiran are indexed. A total of 250 research articles were found and finally, after various reviews and refinements, 40 articles were selected for the final review, which were organized into 263 conceptual codes, 60 components and 7 dimensions. The most important 7 dimensions of national identity in terms of the most conceptual territory and components are: cultural dimension, social dimension, historical dimension, territorial dimension, religious dimension, linguistic and literary dimension, and finally political dimension.