Evaluation of activity changes of antioxidant enzymes in saffron seedlings under cadmium stress

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Khaliliaqdam Nabi; Saeidian Shahriar; Baghaeifar Zahra; Taheri Tahmineh

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Journal: Journal of Plant Biological Sciences Year:2023 | Volume:15 | Issue:4 Page(s): 133-158

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Title

Evaluation of activity changes of antioxidant enzymes in saffron seedlings under cadmium stress

Author(s)

Khaliliaqdam Nabi | Saeidian Shahriar | Baghaeifar Zahra | Taheri Tahmineh | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

Antioxidant

Cadmium

Saffron

Oxidase

proline

Abstract

Plants employ various defensive strategies to cope with heavy metal stress in their growing environment. In this study, proline content, Antioxidant enzyme activities, and phenolic compound levels were analyzed in Saffron corms exposed to varying concentrations of Cadmium stress. Saffron corms were cultivated under Cadmium stress at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 mM, and samples were collected on days 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 after cultivation. Antioxidant enzyme activities, proline levels, and phenolic content were measured. Statistical analysis was performed at a significance level of P < 0.05 using SPSS software. The results revealed significant increases in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), as well as in proline content and phenolic compound accumulation, in response to Cadmium treatments. The activity responses of PPO, CAT, APX, PAL, and GPX enzymes followed a biphasic pattern, while phenolic compound accumulation exhibited a linear regression trend. In contrast, the activities of SOD and proline accumulation conformed to a flattened exponential function. Maximum activities of PPO, CAT, APX, and PAL enzymes were observed at a Cadmium concentration of 10 mM in corms harvested after 30 days of stress exposure. Similarly, the highest SOD activity and proline accumulation were recorded in 30-day-old corms, with phenolic compound accumulation significantly increasing with higher Cadmium concentrations, albeit with varying rates depending on the duration of exposure. The observed changes in enzyme activities during growth suggest activating regulatory mechanisms in Saffron to mitigate Cadmium stress. The Antioxidant roles of enzymes, proline, and phenolic compounds are critical in Safran’s response to Cadmium-induced stress. Given that high Cadmium levels induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the Saffron plant enhances the synthesis of Antioxidant enzymes to neutralize destructive radicals effectively.IntroductionPlants frequently encounter various environmental stresses throughout their lifecycle, with heavy metal stress being among the most significant. Environmental contamination by heavy metals adversely affects plant growth, leading to reduced crop quality and posing serious risks to human health and the well-being of other organisms. To counteract heavy metal stress, plants employ diverse defensive mechanisms. In this context, the proline content, Antioxidant enzyme activities, and phenolic compound levels were examined in Saffron corms exposed to different concentrations of Cadmium stress.Material and MethodsIn this research, Saffron corms were dropped in a 2% benomyl solution after removing the top shell and the decayed corms to prevent fungal activity. Cultivation of Saffron corms was carried out in the liquid culture medium with 4 Saffron corms in each pot. The corms were classified into 7 groups. The growth of corms was done at room temperature of 20 to 25 ℃ and conditions of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. Growing corms were extracted at time intervals of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days after growth. Saffron corms were treated at different concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 mM Cadmium, so extraction of corms was done on days 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days after cultivation, and the activity of Antioxidant enzymes, proline content, and phenolic content was measured. Data analysis was done at the level of P < 0.05 with the help of SPSS software.Results and DiscussionThe sensitivity of GPX to Cadmium concentration is higher than PPO, So, the lowest activity was observed in the absence of Cadmium. Contrary to GPX and PPO, the response of SOD in the presence of Cadmium followed a flat exponential function. By increasing the placement of corms in the presence of Cadmium, the increase of activity has also been obtained in different slopes. The maximum activity of PPO, CAT, APX, and PAL was obtained in 30-day-old corms under 10 mM Cadmium stress. The maximum SOD activity and proline accumulation based on the flat exponential function was observed in the 30-day corms exposed to stress, and the accumulation of phenolic compounds also increased with significant and different slopes at different times. PPO oxidizes phenolic compounds to quinones and as a result, reduces them in various parts of plants under stress. With increasing of Cadmium, the activity of SOD increased. So, SOD destroys the destructive effects of Cadmium by breaking radicals into H2O2. Regulating the level of ROS by SOD is an important protection path against oxidative stress because O2- is a precursor for more toxic or destructive derivatives such as nitrite peroxide or HO-. The activity of catalase increased under Cadmium stress, which is due to the protective role of the enzyme in controlling H2O2, O2- and a complementarity role with SOD. Increasing PAL activity is a cellular solution to moderate the resulting stresses in the plant, by trapping oxygen radicals through phenolic compounds.ConclusionThe results indicate that changes in enzyme activity during growth reflect the activation of regulatory mechanisms in Saffron to cope with Cadmium stress. In response, the plant increases the production of Antioxidant enzymes to neutralize harmful radicals and mitigate their effects. Consequently, the Antioxidant defense provided by enzymes and the production of proline and phenolic compounds, play a crucial role in Saffron's ability to withstand Cadmium-induced stress.

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