مجله بین المللی متافیزیکا
سال:1397 | دوره:1 | شماره:4 |تعداد مقالات:6

It is said about new forms of thinking following after the sensual and intuitive cognition, along with the rules of proper contemplation, abstraction, determination, classification (division), opinions etc. in Aristotle’ s “ Logic” . We realize the things with the sensual (whether outer or inner) and intuitive cognition, and reproduce then their general speculative images in our imagination by means of abstractions with a help of ideas of them. After that we are giving them a “ notion” which is a deduction. Finally, we are justifying these notions. In other words, this justifying is one of the forms of thinking. The justifying itself is divided into two parts which are the simple and the complex ones. The mostly wide spread simple forms are “ straight” reasoning and “ predicative syllogisms with common term” . The ways of getting those deductions in various ways have been being in focus of attention through the ages. There is a number of general and specific conditions to obtain the deductions of syllogisms. These conditions had been accounted in advance by logicians basing on the concrete methods. These conditions are addressed to when it is necessary to express a certain thought by means of syllogisms. If the justifying is within these conditions the deduction of syllogism will be ready. But as far as a number of conditions is large enough it is difficult to keep in mind all of them. More over, sometimes, because of too large number of prepositions for syllogism one has to make a personal deduction. By this reason one of those methods – the Eyler method in particular – is considered in present article. A special mathematic form of logical analogy and induction of predicative conclusions is represented in the article as well. Also the geometric deductions of “ straight” argument and simple syllogisms are analyzed here.

The Qur'ā nic sciences are important elements in understanding and interpreting the Qur'ā n. In this study, we will try to focus on the subject of al-Ḥ urf al-Muqatta'a which is in the Qur'ā nic sciences. In this context we will try to enlighten the subject by addressing some commentaries written in the XXth and XXIst centuries. This paper limited to written commentaries by Muhammad Abduh (d. 1905), Muhammad Rashid Rida (d. 1935), Tantawī Jawharī (d. 1940), Elmalı lı Muhammed Hamdi Yazı r (d. 1942), Moustafa el-Meraghi (d. 1952), Ö mer Rı zâ Doğ rul (d. 1952), Sayyid Qutb (d. 1966), Ö mer Nasuhi Bilmen (d. 1971), Tā hir ibn Ashŭ r (d. 1973), Muhammad Shinkhī tī (d. 1974), Mawdŭ dī 's (d. 1979), Muhammad Izzet Derveze (d. 1984), Mehmet Zeki Duman (d. 2013), Wahbah Zuḥ aylī (d. 2015), Sü leyman Ateş , Celal Yı ldı rı m, Mahmut Toptaş ve Hayrettin Karaman. In our study was selected from different schools such as scientific, social and literary schools. These works are mentioned Narrative, Rational, Historical and Modernist approaches. It was also taken into works from Palestine, Egypt, Mauritania, Pakistan, Syria and Tunisia. Thus, the different perspectives are reviewed about. Thus, we tried to show similarities or differences between the comments of al-Hurū f al-Mukatta'a of early period commentators and the comments of recent commentators. At the same time, we evaluated about them.

The article discusses the influence of Sufism on literature and the role of poets in spreading the teachings of Sufism. The attitude of the 12th century Azerbaijani poet Khagani Shirvani on the subject of Sufism and his views on this religious and philosophical doctrine are considered. In addition, the poet’ s ideas about the Sufi image were studied, the analysis of the Sufi images he created and, at the same time, the relationship of Khagani to the well-known Sufis in the history of Sufism was investigated. The analysis of the samples taken from the works of Khagani is based on the judgments of the Sufi views of the poet. Attention was paid to Sufi terms and features of their use in Khagani verses. During the study, examples were given of the poetic embodiment of the Sufi symbolism, which were discovered in the works of the poet. The poetic characteristics of Sufi symbolism in the artistic and aesthetic representation of Khagani and the literary and philosophical characteristic of Khagani's works in artistic expressions are of paramount importance. Analyzes and studies allow us to conclude that the ideas of Sufism played the role of a means of expressing the social and philosophical views of many creative people. Despite the fact that he was not just a Sufi poet, Khagani was a creative person with a literary heritage, rich in Sufi ideas. He was fully aware of Sufism, the Sufi way of life, and Sufi terms. As knowing the basic conditions of Sufism, he emphasized the richness of the soul of a creative person, and it can also be noted that he built his recommendations throughout the entire creative way around this very idea. The symbolism of Sufism in the works of Khagani reflects the diversity of meaning and content, artistic and aesthetic content, scientific nature, religious and spiritual problems and thus it can be concluded that from this point of view it is rich in interesting materials for research.