Glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is an uncommon developmental cyst. It accounts for 0.012% to 1.3% of all the jaw cysts; its prevalence is 0.17%. It was described by Gardner et al. in 1988 as a distinct entity. GOC has a slight predilection for mandible and affect more commonly in the middle-aged patients. Radiographic and clinical features of this cyst are not pathognomonic or specific. Only the histopathological examinations allow for certain diagnosis of the cyst. The increased recurrence rate can be due to cell kinetics in the lining epithelium, multilocularity and incomplete removal of the lining following conservative treatment. In this report, we describe a case of GOC of the mandible associated with impacted tooth. The clinical diagnosis of dentigerous cyst was made, whereas histopathological examination results in a diagnosis of glandular odontogenic cyst. Based on clinical and radiological examination the diagnosis of other lesions such as radicular cyst, dentigerous cyst, and ameloblastoma may be made but histologically GOC shows certain characteristic features.

Introduction: The glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare, locally aggressive and potentially recurrent cyst of jaws which lead in diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Since 1992, 111 cases of GOC have been reported, with 0.2% incidence among odontogenic cysts.Case Presentation: The patient was a 33-year-old woman who came to the department of oral medicine with a complaint of facial swelling. After taking her history, and conducting clinical, radiological, and histopathologic examinations, the diagnosis of GOC was made.Conclusions: Glandular odontogenic cyst is an uncommon and relatively aggressive cyst with a high recurrence rate. Clinical and radiological evaluations are needed together with careful histopathologic evaluations for diagnosis. Oral medicine specialists should be aware of its characteristic features and make an accurate diagnosis so appropriate management can follow.

Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the jaws is rare and it comprises 2–, 3% of all MECs reported in the literature. It may be similar to a glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC), mainly in incisional biopsies. The precise diagnosis of these lesions is essential since they have different treatment modalities and prognosis. This paper presented a 71-year-old male patient presented with a unilocular radiolucent lesion in the left posterior mandible. The lesion had some evidence of cortical perforation and soft tissue extension in radiographic features. Incisional biopsy of the lesion was performed and the specimen was diagnosed as the GOC. However, the excisional biopsy revealed proliferation of epidermoid and mucous cells in the cyst wall and the lesion was diagnosed as central low-grade MEC of mandible. Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma (CMEC) may resemble a GOC in the incisional biopsy. Therefore, we discuss the importance of radiographic and histopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of CMEC in this article.

The glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare lesion with odontogenic origin. It shows a propensity for recurrence revealed in 30% of all case. This investigation reports a case of recurrent GOC in a 35-year-old female in the anterior region of the maxilla, which is uncommon and discusses about IHC finding, surgical methods, and differential diagnosis. Under general anesthesia, peripheral bone ostectomy via large round bur for removal of remaining epithelium of the cyst wall was done. Finally liquid nitrogen was used to remaining bone. This article recommends that soft tissue adjacent to the cortical bone perforation should be excised, as well as peripheral bone ostectomy by large round bur for removal of remaining epithelium of the cyst and liquid nitrogen application to the bony cavity. Because of high recurrence rate of the lesion close follow up of the patients is needed.

The glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare developmental cyst that was described in 1988 by Gardner, et al. This lesion demonstrates non-specific clinical course and radiological findings. Hence, often confused with other lesions, but specific histopathlogical features help in establishing its correct diagnosis. This article presents a rare case of a maxillary glandular odontogenic cyst in a 70-year-old female patient.

The experimental study and modeling of gravity drainage during Water Alternative Gas Injection, WAG process, in carbonate rock for one of the Iranian off-shore reservoir at lab-scale were carried out. The mechanism of gravity drainage during the WAG process, and its contribution to the oil recovery in the fractured carbonate reservoirs were also studied. In the WAG process alternatively gas is injected during the process and gravity drainage could be happened. Changes in the block dimensions, rock properties, oil properties, gas properties, and fractures properties and their effect on the amount of oil recovered during the gravity drainage mechanism were studied. It would be worth mentioning that Methane, as major constituent of natural gas, was used as injection fluids within the experiments. Also carbonate rock was used as block sample in the physical model within the experiments. The results obtained from the experiments were compared with those obtained from the simulation and the comparison confirmed fair agreement between the results. It was found out that from 1 to 6 percent of oil can be recovered by gravity drainage during WAG process.

Background  Analysing the Canadian government’s efforts to support the development of COVID-19 “medical countermeasures” (MCMs), this article seeks insights into political economy as a driver of pandemic response. We explore whether Canadian public funding policy during the pandemic involved departures from established practices of financialisation in biopharmaceutical research and development (R&D), including the dominance of private sector involvement in an intellectual property (IP) intensive approach to innovation underscoring profit, and governance opacity.Methods  We interrogate public funding for MCMs by analyzing how much the Government of Canada (GoC) spent, how those funds were allocated, on what terms, and to whom. We identify the funding institutions, and the funds awarded between February 10, 2020, and March 31, 2021, to support the research, development, and manufacturing of MCMs, including diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics, and information about clinical management and virus transmission. To collect these data, we conducted searches on the Internet, public data repositories, and filed several requests under the Access to Information Act (1985). Subsequently, we carried out a document-based analysis of electronically accessible research contracts, proposals, grant calls, and policy announcements.Results  The GoC announced CAD$ 1.4 billion for research, development and manufacturing of COVID-19 MCMs. Fully 68 (CAD$ 959 million) of the announced public funding was channelled to investment in private sector firms. Canadian public funding showed a consistent focus on early and late stage development of COVID-19 MCMs and the expansion of biopharmaceutical manufacturing capacity. Assessing whether Canada’s investments into developing COVID-19 MCMs safeguard affordable and transparent access to the products of publicly funded research, we found that access policies on IP management, sharing of clinical data, affordability and availability were not systematic, consistent, or transparent, and few, if any, mechanisms ensured long-term sustainability.Conclusion  Beyond incremental change in policy goals, such as public investment in domestic biomanufacturing, the features of Canadian public policies endorsing financialization in the biopharmaceutical sector remained largely unchanged during the pandemic.