Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate varicocele patients’ brothers to determine whether they are at a higher risk of varicocele than the general population of men.Materials and Methods: A total of 56 patients with varicocele and their 131 brothers (> 16 years old) were evaluated. The brothers had no complaints of infertility, pain, or cosmetic problems. They were all examined for varicocele. One hundred and fifty men who referred for employment medical examinations were considered as the control group.Results: Of the subjects, 39 (69.6%) had grade III varicocele. Sixty (45.8%) of the brothers had varicocele. The grade of varicocele was III in 16 (26.7%) brothers. In the control group, varicocele was present in 15 (10%) which was grade III in 5 (33.3%). The frequency of varicocele was 4.5-fold greater in the brothers of the patients than the controls (P < 0.001). Also, the frequency of grade III varicocele was significantly more than grades I and II in the patients in comparison with their brothers and controls with varicocele (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the grades between the controls and the patients’ brothers (P = 0.31). The frequency of bilateral varicocele was not statistically different between the three groups (P = 0.14).Conclusion: Our findings showed that a significant increase is seen in the prevalence of varicocele in the patients’ brothers compared to men in the general population, warranting evaluation of the first-degree relatives of men who present with varicocele.

In the article "Varicocele in Brothers of Patients With Varicocele" the authors have addressed an interesting clinical question: does having a brother with varicocele exposes a person to a higher risk of having the same disease? Nevertheless, this study cannot answer the above question due to the following reasons: First, according to the methods section, this study is case-control. In case-control studies, controls should be disease-free when they are included. The outcome in this study is having varicocele and we see that 10% of controls suffer from this condition. Apparently, the authors have excluded infertile persons from control group, while varicocele is the outcome of interest in this research, but not infertility.

Varicocele is the commonest curable cause of male infertility.According to the statistical data collected from literature review there is 10-25% risk of recurrence after routine methods of varicocele operation.If a surgeon is certain about accuracy of the surgical method, probable cause of recurrence would be presence of collaterals and anatomical variations, so embolization would be the method of choice in case of recurrence.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of varicocele on abortion, and also relation between the semen analysis factor of the patient with abortion had been considered. Method and Material: Between 741 patients with abortion, 251 of these had a kind of these without specific reason, These Patients recognized during 2/5 years. They were examined to see the possible varicocele, it's severity, 250 men were examined as a sample group. Result: In the group who had abortion, 73 men had varicocele while in the sample group 38 cases were found. In the first group recurrent abortion and early abortion was prominent. The severity of varicocele had no relation with abortion. Conclusion: Varicocele can be cause of abortion especially in the first months of pregnancy by mating chromosomal and centrosomal abnormality in sperm. If in semen analysis, abnormal shaped and defected movement of sperm was prominent, possibility of abortion increased, while oligospermia has no effect role in occruing abortion.

Introduction: Varicocele is defined as dilated and tortuous veins in the pampiniform network. This study aims to compare somatometric indices in patients with grade III varicocele with non-varicocele patients. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on patients referred to the Urology Department and Clinic of Razi Medical Education Center in Rasht. The subjects of the case group were patients with grade III varicocele. The control group was other patients referred to the clinic and urology department, in whom varicocele was not diagnosed. All subjects were evaluated in terms of gynecomastia, BMI, height, weight, penis length, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), as well as varicose leg disease and inguinal hernia and its relationship with grade III varicocele. Results: In this study, 192 patients were compared in two groups of patients with gradeⅢ,varicocele (n=96) and non-varicocele patients (n=96). There was a significant difference in the mean height between the two groups (P-value=0. 001). But there was no statistically significant difference in the BMI (P-value=0. 856), waist-to-hip circumference (P-value=0. 117), and waist circumference (P-value=0. 363) in the two studied groups. On the other hand, the average length of the penis in afflicted subjects was significantly upper (P-value=0. 041) and gynecomastia was more prevalent in this group (P-value=0. 008) Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that patients with grade III varicocele are significantly taller and have significantly longer penis lengths and a higher incidence of gynecomastia than those without this disease.

Background: Varicocele is related with poor semen quality and sperm chromatin integrity which possibility decreases the spontaneous pregnancy potential. Some of the varicocele individuals have normal semen parameters with failed pregnancy. It is also one of the most controversial issues in the field ofinfertility, especially regarding why, when and for whom varicocelectomy should be implemented. It is unclear that whether varicocelectomy is beneficial for varicocele individuals with normal sperm parameter. Therefore, we aimed to compare spontaneous pregnancy rate in normozoospermic and non-normozoospermic varicocele individual undergoing varicocelectomy.Materials and Methods: Varicocele individual with grade II or III referred in Isfahan fertility and infertility divided tonormozoospermic group (n=81) and non-normozoospermic (n=64) groupsaccordingly World Health Organization guideline 2010. Cumulative spontaneous pregnancyafter varicocelectomy followed up during 12 month after varicocelectomy.Results: Spontaneous pregnancy achievedup to 50% in normozoospermic group and 45 % in non-normozoospermic group.Conclusion: Our study revealed that varicocelectomy has beneficial effect on normozoospermic and non-normozoospermic individual to achieve spontaneous pregnancy.

In this study we have described our varicocele cases, in terms of associated symptoms/signs. In addition, we have tested the correlation between semen parameters and varicocele grades and compared the relative frequencies of associated symptoms/signs in different varicocele grades. 119 referred cases of varicocele were categorized based on clinical criteria into 3 grades by one examiner. The relative frequencies of associated symptoms/signs of the grades were compared. 52 of the cases whose semen analyses were performed at the same laboratory were included for comparison of semen parameters.Most of the cases were single conscripts. Age range was 18to 38 years and the mean age was 23 years. Pain was the most common associated finding in our mostly singlephysically active cases. Of all the 119 cases, 9 were grade 1,63 grade 2, and 47 grade 3. Mean sperm concentration was 60.3 million per cubic centimeter. No significant difference was found in the relative frequencies of associatedsymptoms/signsamongdifferentgrades.Differenceinsemenparameters among grades was negligible and not significant at 0.1 (0.05 as well).Pain could be the most common associated finding in young singlephysically active varicocele cases. It seems that varicocele grade bears no significance over the relative frequencies of associated symptoms/signs. Our data is against any clinically and/or statistically significant relationship between varicocele size and semen parameters.