Recognizing the figures of speech in understanding religious texts is of great importance. The infallibles are the great lecturers who expressed their views and beliefs through this channel, i.e., using figures of speech. if these figures of speech be violated or do not fully understand, misunderstanding of the sayings of infallibles will be happened.In this essay, the role of figures of speech in understanding the sayings of infallibles are reviewed and some examples especially from al-Kafi are given.

Much of poetry of Iran in middle period has been composed by Manicheans in middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian languages. These poems are praise and liturgical or mystic hymns that narrate the story of strangeness of light in the prison of Matter. In the latter, because of more connection with human, the emotion and imagination element are clearer, and the poetic art can be better observed in them. The figures of speech, both figures of word and figures of thought have been greatly used in these poems. Apart from existing the figures that are expected in every poem and are in the nature of poetry, the specimens can be seen that they are correspond even with the definitions of rhetorical books in Islamic period. The figures of speech in Manichaean poems can be divided in two groups; the sound music (figures of word), and spiritual music (figures of thought). It has been used in the figures of word field, the repetition (words, sentences and phonemes); and in the figures of thought field, the figures such as antithesis, amphiboly and apostrophe. It has been attempted in this article to show the quality of use of figures of speech in Manichaean poems surviving in Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian languages, along with citing the specimens.

The concept of process, including constant and variable evenly and so is more generally from two concepts of form and structure that included only constants. to date, the process analysis is a hypothesis, because it is used in science and industry, however, still does not have a comprehensive approach. However, the concept of process is Consistent with the reality of the phenomena of the world and more applications for Knowledge of these phenomena that have the two sides have fixed and variable. The article present introduces the method of process analysis and then classification the figures of poetry based on that. This article, therefore, subsumes the Poetic figures In ten major categories: lingual, logic, Imaginary, parapsychological, Industrial, arithmetic, symmetry, commitment, acoustic, visual, sensibility, information, rhythmic, rhyme scheme, formatic, stylistic, musical, intertextuality and generic.

figures of speech are substance of poetry and the criteria for evaluating it. The term poetic style of the period of Islamic Revolution and Sacred Defense (the 1980-81 war between Iraq and Iran) is new, about three decades. This labeling is somehow ambiguous; it may be more accurate if we call it the style of Republic, following the style of Constitutionalism. Studying the works of the poets of Revolution and Sacred Defense, such as Farid, can help better know the characteristics of this style. In the present article Farid’s poetry is being studied regarding figures of speech used in his poem collections of ‘Pari-Setare-ha’ (fairy stars), ‘Pari-Bahane-ha’ (fairy excuses), and ‘Pari-shode-gan’ (turned into fairies). The result is shown in tables and diagrams. His use of Simile, metaphor, irony, and symbolism is remarkable in them. The use of similes here not only serves to concise writing in the field of imagination, it also approaches to identification, and causes some kind of exaggeration in the field of simile.

The purpose of this research is to provide a new concept in Aristotelian categorical syllogism which is called groundability. A valid mood is called groundable if one would derive all the 24 valid moods in the Aristotelian’ s syllogism by assuming only the valid mood and applying a chain of the following rules: simple conversion, reduction-ad-absurdum, sub-alternation, obversion and quantification negation. In this paper, we will prove that only the fifteen valid moods have the groundability property. Because Aristotle proves all the valid moods of other figures based on the four moods in the first figure, he considers these moods of the first figure as moods having the groundability property. We show that the groundability is not restricted to the first valid moods of the first figure--they are fifteen moods as stated. Thus, it can be shown that Aristotle's purpose from the self-evidence of the first figure is not the groundability of the four moods in the first figure. This important logical result in Aristotle's system is gained through the introducing the concept of the groundability of the moods in syllogism. We show that unlike the common view in the Aristotelian tradition, it is not the case that the groundability of the first figure must be the basis for explaining of being self-evidence of the four moods of the first figure. Regardless of what lies behind the evidence of the first figure valid moods, this paper will eliminate one of the options which is somehow a common wrong interpretation for answering the problem

Antagonists reviews from different angles makes us know more about major part of the characters of the epic stories and more accurate understanding of Iran's national epic, so the writer of this article will discuss a major part of the reasons of Some of the hosts of evil actions in the battle with the hero and his army.The beginning of this article is devoted to define tools and the factors that motivate the battle by the army and fighters which are named the administrative tools. These leading factors are divided to both positive and negative parts. In tools Group, we are faced with three subsidiaries of positive stimulation, comfort and bribery. Each of these subsidiaries is also divided under other branches, as exist in the article in details. End of this article will be two negative administrative tools; the blame and intimidate (warning) and will be the results of this study.