Introduction: The newly-launched strain of the Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, is considered the most emerging bacterium in-hospital infections globally. Objectives: The current research focused on the prevalence and virulence features of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteria recovered from urinary tract infections (UTIs) cases. Patients and Methods: A total of 710 urine specimens were taken from hospitalized patients who suffered from UTIs. S. aureus was recovered from urine specimens using the microbial culture. S. aureus antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed toward oxacillin and cefoxitin antimicrobial disk to determine the MRSA strains. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assessed the distribution of antimicrobial resistance encoding genes. S. aureus antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by disk diffusion. Results: Fifty-five out of 710 (7. 7%) urine specimens were positive for the MRSA bacteria. The uppermost antibiotic resistance was obtained against penicillin (100%), ceftaroline (100%), gentamicin (87. 2%), erythromycin (76. 3%), and ciprofloxacin (69. 0%). BlaZ (100%) and tetK (85. 4%) had the higher frequency amid examined antimicrobial resistance-encoding genes. Conclusion: The high prevalence of MRSA isolates harboring antimicrobial resistance-encoding genes in the UTIs suggests that diseases caused by them need more expansion healthcare monitoring with essential demand for novel antimicrobials.

Background: The present investigation was conducted to study the antibacterial effect of aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Teucrium polium plant on the bacteria isolated from urine samples of those with UTI and to compare it with the effect of commonly used antibiotics in treating UTIs.Materials and Methods: The antibiotic resistance of 147 strains of bacteria causing UTIs to the antibiotics selected through Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was determined. In the meantime, the aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of T. polium plant were prepared. The antibacterial activity of these extracts was examined using Disk Diffusion Method. Finally, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of antibacterial were determined using serial dilution method.Results: T. polium extracts were merely effective in enterococcus and pseudomonas bacteria. In general, the MIC rate of aqueous extract in enterococcus was 1.25-5 mg/ml. The MIC rate of ethanolic extract for enterococcus was calculated as 10 mg/ml. The MIC of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts for pseudomonas bacteria were achieved as 5 and 20 mg/ml, respectively. The MBC contents of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of teucrium for pseudomonas bacteria was 10 mg/ml in aqueous and 20 mg/ml in ethyl acetate extracts. The MBC content of extracts for enterococcus bacteria were 10 mg/ml in aqueous extract and 20 mg/ml in ethanolic extract.Conclusion: T. polium extract can be effective in some bacteria causing urinary tract infection, especially enterococcus.

Background: Reports of renal scar formation in children even in the absence of vesicoureteral reflux necessitates studying other causes of this major complication. The present study mainly focuses on the role of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) in renal scar formation.Methods: The records of 53 patients with recurrent UTI and the data on their regular follow up visits were reviewed. Renal scar formation was confirmed by dimercapto-succinic acid (DMSA) scan.Results: DMSA scan, done at a mean age of 8.31 years, revealed renal scar formation in 12 cases (22.44%). Seventy-five percent of the patients with scar formation and 80.5% without scar were older than 3 years at the time of the first documented UTI. The etiologic organism was found to be Escherichia coli in 89.2% of the infections in the scar forming versus 78.8% in the non-scar forming group.Conclusion: In the presence of normal urinary tract anatomy, recurrent UTI can be a significant cause of renal scar formation in children.

Background and Objectives: Immunosuppressive drugs are one of the important risk factors of bacterial infections, specially urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the renal transplant recipients (RTR). The aim of this study was to be determine UTI prevalence and its relation with diabetes mellitus, adult polycystic kidney disease (APCKD) and elevation of serum creatinin among RTR-patients during long-term follow-up. Materials and Methods: One hundred RTR were followed from May 1993 to May 2000 in No.1 specialty clinic of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. These patients were followed for any complication of UTI after renal transplantation and after being discharged from hospital. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Out of all patients enrolled in the study, 30% had one or more than one episodes of UTI in the first 6 months and 44 episodes after first 6 months of renal transplantation. The other 22.5% of patients with UTI were found asymptomatic. The most prevalent infectious agent was E.coli in first 6 months with prevalence of 44% (and 37.7% in next 6.5 years). The cause of renal failure was APCKD in 4 patients and diabetes mellitus in 6 patients. Incidence of UTI in these two groups was not higher than other patients (P=0.55, P=0.88). Statistical analysis showed that UTI dose not have any relation with the gender (P=0.138), and also the blood level of creatinine determined at the time of study, did not correlate with UTI. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that UTI is prevalent among transplanted patients. For decreasing the side effects of immunosuppressive drugs, specially UTI, it is recommended that continuous follow-up of these patients is necessary, and this follow-up must include urine culture, specially among patients with history of positive cultures.