Purpose: The aims of this study were to determine relationship between biofilm producer microorganisms attached to urinary catheters (UCs) and urinary catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), to determine the rate of CAUTI development and the relationship between CAUTI and catheterization period in catheterized patients. Materials and Methods: urinary catheters from 143 inpatients who were hospitalized in Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital urinary Service, and urine samples of these patients before and after catheterization of urinary catheter were collected. Culture-based microbiological evaluation of urinary catheters removed from inpatient and urine samples collected from inpatients were performed before and after catheterization of urinary catheter to identify various organisms and determine biofilm production by them. Results: The incidence of CAUTIs was 13% (18/143) in catheterized inpatients. Biofilm producer microorganisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli ), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis that were isolated from UCs removed from inpatients were found to cause CAUTI (P <. 001). Conclusion: Incidence of CAUTIs is increased by the usage of UCs and prolonged catheterization period.

Context: urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and important problem during childhood that may cause chronic morbidities. Live beneficial microorganisms called probiotics have been investigated for their use in the prophylaxis and treatment of UTIs in children. Evidence Acquisition: We aimed to discuss data about use, mechanisms and effects of probiotics on pediatric UTIs. We searched the literature, including PubMed, Medline and Cochrane databases from January 2001 to May 2016, and limited the search to English language. We used the key words probiotics, urinary tract infection, treatment, prophylaxis and children. Results: Probiotics inhibit uropathogens by competition for receptors and nutrients, direct killing, immune modulation and production of inhibitory metabolites. There are many organisms that have been used as probiotics. Lactobacillus sp., Bifidobacterium sp. and Saccharomyces boulardii are the most commonly used and investigated probiotics. Although there are various benefits of probiotics for the pediatric population, some reports indicate rare complications such as bacteremia, sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis, UTI, abscesses, fungemia, pneumonia and chorioamnionitis. However, these are much less than the benefits of probiotics yet should be kept in mind. Continuing laboratory and clinical studies are encouraging the use of this strategy for the prevention and treatment of UTI in children. Conclusions: Probiotics canbeused as a naturalandefficient alternative to antibiotics in UTI prophylaxisandtreatment in children.

Background: Once it comes to infections, children are the weakest members of society and they gather together in nurseries and kindergartens as their first communities. In recent years, parents were more eager to send their children to nurseries. This research investigated self-care to prevent urinary tract infections in children.Methods: This was a qualitative research using a contextual thematic analysis. Samples were selected from children with urinary tract infections who attended nurseries of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences along with their parents, teachers and the head of nurseries. Sampling was purposive and continued until data saturation which occurred with 10 participants including 7 mothers whose kids experienced urinary tract infections and 3 nurseries' heads and teachers. Data were collected in 2005 during appointments in nurseries by deep and semi-organized interviews. Each interview lasted between 30 to 50 minutes (average length was 40 minutes). Data were analyzed according to Straw-Bert model.Results: Three main conceptions were derived from the experiences of participants on self-care to prevent urinary tract infections, including: diagnosis of symptoms, dangerous factors and effective diet for prevention; control the disease, medication, preventing effects and relapse into the disease by health care; additional interventions, diagnosis tests and follow-up. Conclusion: According to the findings, the participants in this research experienced several factors that caused urinary tract infections. These factors were different based on their knowledge and the existence or non-existence of health care support. These results were supporting other studies on the subject.

Background: One of the main causes of adverse complications following kidney transplantation is urinary tract infection (UTI). This study was done to define the incidence rate, clinical profiles, causative microorganisms, and UTI risk factors among kidney transplant recipients in Mashhad city. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we perused medical files of 247 kidney recipients who underwent transplant surgery at Mashhad University Montaserie Hospital, during 2012–2014. All patients were followed for UTI during the 1st year after surgery.Results: 75 episodes of UTI developed by 152 pathogens in 56 (22.7%) of patients during 1-year follow-up.26.6% of total UTIs were diagnosed within the 1st month after transplantation. The most frequently isolated uropathogens were Escherichia coli (55.3%, n=84). The high rate of candiduria (8.5%) was observed, too.Conclusion: UTI is known as one of the hospitalization reasons in kidney transplantation recipients. Defining appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis against bacterial and fungal agents and early removal of urethral catheter are suggested to decrease posttransplantation complications.