Background and Aim: urinary tract infection (UTI) causes significant illness in children. The diagnosis in most developing countries is often overlooked due to difficulties in obtaining urine from children especially those who would not void voluntarily. Misdiagnosis often leads to renal damage and hypertension, which could be avoidable with early diagnosis and proper management. Empirical antibiotic treatment in UTI, especially if based on the epidemiology and resistance patterns of common uropathogens, plays an important role in prevention of renal damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, renal ultrasonography, Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scanning and antimicrobial sensitivity of uropathogens.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 136 patients hospitalized in Qods hospital of Qazvin with positive urine culture during 2006 (from March through October).Results: One hundred and thirty five children were included in the study. Of the total, 108 (80%) were females and 27 (20%) were males with a female to male ratio of 5.4:1. The median age of the patients was 24.4 months. Ninety eight (72.6%) patients were from cities and 37 (27.4%) were from rural areas. Of 135 patients, 17 (11.1%) had past history of hospitalization with UTI. Fever was the most common clinical presentation (68.1%) followed by dysuria (37%) and vomiting (29.6%) Normal white blood cell count was found in 113 cases (83.7%) and 22 patients (16.3%) had leukocytosis. Increase erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was found in 64 cases (55.6%) and positive C-reactive protein (CRP) in 54.8% of patients. Escherichia coli (E.coli) caused 67.4% of the infections followed by Klebsiella species (14.1%). The majority of the E.coli isolates (90.1%) were from females, while the remaining were from males. Among the gram negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against ampicillin (86.9%) and co-trimoxazole (78.3%). E. coli isolates had the most sensitivity to amikacin (90.1%), ciprofloxacin (83%), nitrofurantoin (81.2%), ceftriaxon (78.5%), gentamycin (77.8%) and ceftizoxime (74%). Sonography of the kidney and bladder showed abnormality in 15.3% of patients, while the DMSA renal scan was abnormal in 46.5%.Conclusion: UTI is one of the most common infections diagnosed in hospitalized children, particularly in females. Since in the young children specific clinical signs and symptoms of UTI are uncommon, the presence of other potential signs and symptoms are not reliable in excluding UTI. This study revealed that enterobacteriaceae were the predominant bacterial pathogen of hospitalized children with UTI. It also represents high level resistant of E.coli isolates to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. Thus, continued local surveillance studies are urged to monitor emerging antimicrobial resistance and to guide interventions to minimize its occurrence. This study is useful to improve the empiric treatment.

Introduction: urinary tract infections (UTI) are common and serious clinical problems in newborn infants. Previous studies have reported that jaundice may be one of the signs of a UTI in infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, age presentation, and severity of jaundice, sign and complications of UTI in newborns with asymptomatic, unexplained indirect hyperbilirubinemia.Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted between May 2004 and April 2009, at the Neonatal intensive care unit, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. A total of 1487 infants with jaundice were recruited of which 1061 patients were evaluated for UTI. Among them, 629 infants were excluded and remaining 74 patients with UTI and 358 infants with unknown etiology of jaundice without UTI. Demographic data including prenatal, intrapartum, postnatal events and risk factors were collected by questionnaire. Biochemical markers including serum fractionated bilirubin level, urinalysis, and routine laboratory tests were measured. Written informed consent from parents of infants was obtained. The protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.Results: Age presentation, age admitted to hospital, age of improved jaundice, serum bilirubin level and hospital stay in case group were significantly higher than control groups (p<0.05). UTI was diagnosed in seventy four (6.97%) cases (escherichia coli (44.4%), klebsiella pneumoniae (22%)). Pyuria and or Bacteriuria were present in 58% of patients. Renal ultrasound showed urinary tract abnormalities in Twenty three (23%) patients. Six infants had unilateral grade 1 to 3 reflux in voiding cysto urethrogram (VCUG).Conclusion: UTI was found in 7% of asymptomatic, jaundiced infants. Therefore, we recommend that testing for a UTI be included as part of the evaluation in asymptomatic, jaundiced infants presenting after five day of life.These infants should be evaluated for urinary tract abnormality by renal ultrasound and VCUG.

Background and purpose: The choice of antifungal agent in treatment of Candida urinary tract infections (CUTI) is dependent on the site of infection, the underlying disease of the patient, and the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of the agent. This study aimed to perform a review of antifungal therapy for CUTI.Materials and methods: Data was obtained by a search for full-text articles in Medline, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, Irandoc, and Iran Medex published from 1994 until 2016. The search keywords included urinary tract infections, Candida species, diagnosis, and treatment.Results: Fluconazole is the drug of choice for prophylaxis and treatment of CUTI due to low toxicity, high solubility, and wide tissue distribution. Although flucytosine is concentrated in urine and has potent activity against Candida species, treatment is restricted because of its toxicity and expansion of resistance when it is used alone. In addition, amphotericin B is an active drug against most Candida species (except resistant C. krusei strains). Other azoles and echinocandins are not effective for treating CUTI due to the minimum excretion of the active compound into the urine. However, a localized renal infection followed by blood spreading might be treated by echinocandins because of its effective tissue concentrations.Conclusion: We presented diagnostic tests and treatment protocols of CUTI, but new surveillance protocols and diagnostic strategies for control and prevention of CUTI in critically ill patients are essential.