INTRODUCTION: Influenza virus has been the cause of human fatalities for many years. In the last 300 years about 10 influenza pandemics have been reported. During 1918 and-1919, this pandemic caused 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide which was a higher rate compared to the number of deaths during the two other pandemics in 1957 and 1968 (1). Similar to the pandemic of 1918, high morbidity and mortality rate has been reported in the pandemics occurring in the years 1830 and 1832 (2)…

This research is aimed at studying and explaining where the “strategy against strategy” strategy stands in the defense policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research is an applied one, which has been carried out by a case and field study method using a systematic and interpretative quality and quantity analysis. The statistical community has been estimated according to expert estimates (230 people) where a sample volume of 69 people has been determined by using Cochran formula using an accessible proportional sampling method. The information in this research has been collected using two methods- library and field methods and documents- and analyzed by using the likert scale. The findings achieved indicate that the “threat against threat” doctrine put forward by the Islamic Republic of Iran can play effectively in the domain of managing the soft and hard threats (with an emphasis on the missile threats, knowledge-based media threats, preventing the formation of the security-defense treaties against the Islamic Republic of Iran and enforcing the preventive policies). In addition to countering the political, symmetrical, nontraditional and progressive threats, this strategy is effective in cutting the volume of the threatening forces and shifting the focus of the threats away from the environments surrounding the Islamic Republic of Iran. It follows that a new strategy can create a defensive authority through establishing a convergent relationship with foreign actors and power-making.

The main question of this article is about the soft threat Components. Author has tried to review the literature related to the topic or focus on three regions: North-West Russia, the European Union and African countries to describe soft threat components. The comparative study of these areas shows three essential features for soft threat and security: First, it focuses on topics that earlier were discussed only in sociology, urban management, and service society. Second, it intends to identify, strengthen and use social capital and finally, it tries to resolve actual or mental concerns of society. More subtle point is that although we speak of the society's soft security, the ultimate beneficiary is the government that will try to organize national relations and exchanges after providing social order.

Following the emergence of "ISIS" or "Daesh" group and the seizure of parts of Syria and Iraq by this extremist group, this danger has created in European countries that the Muslims who have departed to Syria for participating in military operations to overthrow Assad government, after returning to their homeland threaten the internal security of European countries through committing terrorist acts. Past terrorist activities in these countries and recent attack on Charlie Hebdo's office in Paris have intensified these concerns. For this reason, European countries adopted harsh security measures for preventing the entrance of these individuals into the country and to prevent extremism among resident Muslims. But, the important issue is that why European Muslims tend to extremism and violent acts. This article tries to answer the question that what are the causes of the tendency among European Muslims for extremist views and committing violence? The hypothesis advanced in this article is that social and individual factors at two macro and micro levels can explain the behavior of individuals in the form of tendency for extremist beliefs and violent acts. This article argues that factors at the macro level explain the environment conducive to Muslims' tendency for such beliefs but understanding the fact that which groups of individuals accept such beliefs can be explained by factors at the micro level. Macro factors which exist in the society and micro factors which are related to the personal character of individuals, combined together, lead individuals to extremism. The unfavorable situation of social and economic life of Muslims in Europe along with pressures exerted on them in terms of subsistence and identity considerations manifested by discrimination and inequality in combination with some psychological features of individuals in interaction with their surrounding environment.

Women grow healthy people, therefore, ignoring their life conditions, and exposing them to family violence can lead to various mental and/or physical diseases, and this issue may be considered as a threat against family members health. Because of this, the present article aims at reviewing some factors having impact on family violence and its relationship with married women’s mental health.The research is of survey type and the statistical group includes all married women in Tabriz (N=378460), however 384 married women have been selected through random sampling and through using Cockran formula. Questionnaire was the tool used in the present research and data analyzed through using SPSS and Lisrel.Result of correlation test indicates that there is a significant linear relationship between patriarchy variables, experiencing and observing violence in the family of their husbands, interference of husband’s relatives, and irritating husband by wife, on one hand, and variables of family violence, and women’s mental health variables on the other. Results of path analysis indicated that independent variables used in the present research have managed to explain 39 percent of changes in variable of family violence against women, and 33 percent of the changes of variable dependent on mental health.

Background: Today, Enemyattack don’t limit to only military weapons. Most of countries move into novel techniques in wars. Bioterrorism is the intentional use of micro-organisms to bring about ill effects or death to humans, livestock, or crops. Increasing of Knowledge about bioterrorism is one of the passive defense applications.Materials and Methods: The aim of this research was to study of history and methods of bioterrorism for better control of it in probable soft war. Basic data collected by these key word biologic agents - biologic wars - biologic weapons - soft war - general health - passive defense -bioterrorism, in literature. Finally, all data were analyzed by medical knowledge of authors (specialized in internal medicine).Results: Ancient evidence reported that in pre-Christian era. Progression in human knowledge results in biological and genetic agents' usage in bioterrorism. The most frequent agents are: bacillus anthracis – plague – tularemia - hemorrhagic fevers and botulism. Most frequent symptoms are: respiratory tract symptoms -hemorrhagic fevers - meningitis and encephalitis - Flaccid paralyses - fever syndromes with rash - diarrheal syndromes.Conclusion: There are no similarities between clinical presentations of organisms or toxins belonging to specific microbial families. It is important for the physician to cope with an unusual disease. Quick referral to the emergency department, leading to early diagnosis; and rapid notification of the Ministry of Health is necessary. All these, and the institution of appropriate measures, will ultimately contribute to the survival of individual patients.

Background: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has been known as a hemorrhagic fever, a severe and often fatal illness among humans.Materials and Methods: This virus is transmitted through contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person, infected objects such as needles, infected animals or bush meat. The history of mortality was more than 80 percent, but modern medical and public health had been able to reduce this figure and the impact of Ebola on individuals and communities.Results: Currently there is no standard treatment for Ebola, so preventing infection and preventing further spread of the virus is important. Since the mortality rate is high and there is no specific treatment for it and it is also possible to use it as a biological weapon in wars. Therefore, a review of epidemiology, clinical and laboratory symptoms and management of this disease is needed as a first step for accurate diagnosis and timely response.Conclosion: In this regard, the present review article was conducted using the keywords of Ebola Virus, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Bioterrorism in Pubmed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, SID, Google and other websites.

Dear Editor-in-Chief: Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease, still a critical public health problem in endemic areas. Occurrence of fascioliasis in man is prehistoric (1)...

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the establishment of the Revolution’s Fundamental principles, the formation of a new front for those who seek justice with the centrality of the Jihadist thought of fighting oppression, and avoiding dominating and being dominated, a new serious threat has been created by the arrogant powers led by the United States against the Islamic Republic of Iran. This kind of threat is basically defined as an identity warfare fought between the two sides. Under the present circumstances, asking questions about threats is a basic element of the security studies conducted in any country including the Islamic Republic of Iran. New and different definitions have been proposed with a regard to the developments in the world and the complexity of the communities. This article sets out to explain the threats posed to the Islamic Revolution of Iran as viewed by its leaders by referring to the evolution of defining threat, its dimensions, and the ideas and thoughts expressed by both Imam Khomeini and the Supreme Leader, using data analysis method, library resources, and managerial and intellectual experiences. Considering the theoretical findings of the research and the theoretical stages of understanding threats in Islam and the West, there is an identity conflict between the righteous and the wicked in all intellectual and material areas with the centrality of Iran as the center of the resistance front and the wicked front represented by the United States. Further, it emphasizes the necessity of considering the new dimensions of the conflict between the two fronts based on the components of soft and semi-hard warfare by viewing the shift that has occurred in the direction of the threats from hard to semi-hard and soft threats.