This article presents a realistic analogy, with practical applications, between green trees and manmade moment frames under similar loading conditions. The paper also introduces a new facet of bioinspiration which attempts to benefit from some of the natural design strategies involved in the structural performance of trees, rather than utilizing them as raw materials. The paper suggests that bioinspiration can help transfer and improve basic design concepts from trees to moment frames under seismic as well as gravity loading scenarios. For instance, it has been shown that earthquake resistant systems can best be realized by performing design led analysis rather than investigating analytic results and that structural design should be performance based rather than instruction oriented computations. In other words, it is preferable for earthquake resistant structures to be designed in accordance with observed rather than expected behavior, i.e., desirable response characteristics should be induced rather than investigated. These features constitute the core of the recently developed performance control (PC) methodology that aims at rational design of engineering structures under both service as well as extreme loading conditions. In the interim a number of new design formulae have also been introduced. Two examples have been provided to demonstrate the applications of the conceptual design similarities between green trees and earthquake resisting moment frames.

Nowadays cities benefit from two geographical (natural, social, and economical environments) and artificial (man-made environment, and architecture) symbols. Mankind has always been trying to change these two symbols for the sake of his daily activities or earning his life and establishing a dwelling both as an interest and as a shelter. During this process green areas, jungles, and gardens have been changed into skyscrapers and buildings. Bricks, cement, and metallic plates have replaced for attractive views of nature. Today’s citizens have a sad feeling while they see that they have fallen far from the beauties and quietness of nature.To solve this problem, industrialists have developed the green roof technology. Urban planners and architects use it as a ‘back to nature’ process. green roof is a method to convert the rough, dry, and cold parts of the city into green spots. Besides green roofs can create micro-climatic zones which reduce pollution and improve the living conditions of the citizens.This process is highly advantageous for cities like Tehran which is located in a 730 sq. km. of land delimited by mountains and deserts.67.9 percent of the city is occupied by buildings and about thirteen million people live in this city. green roofs are good means for reducing these problems of Tehran.

The green Woodpecker (Picus viridis) is one of the most important and an umbrella species in Golestan National Park. In this study, habitat suitability of the green Woodpecker was studied in reproductive and non-reproductive seasons in Golestan National Park. Habitat characteristics, including forest vegetation type and structural characteristics of vegetation as well as the presence/absence of woodpeckers were recorded within a 25-m radius of each of 112 sampling plots. The Classification tree model was used to identify the relationship between the presence of green Woodpecker and habitat variables in reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. Results of statistical analysis showed that during the reproductive season, the accessibility to areas with a dense canopy cover and tall snags, determined the reproductive territory. In the nonbreeding season, the site selection by the green Woodpecker was based on the presence of live trees with DBH between 50-100 cm and tall snags. Totally, areas with dense canopy cover (>62%) supported more density of woodpeckers. In open areas (canopy cover <62%), fallen dead trees with DBH between 50-100 cm was the second most important predictive of the presence of the green Woodpecker. Based on the results, in Golestan National Park, the green Woodpecker prefers old forest habitats composed with tall and thick trees especially Oak trees. Thus, due to high dependency of green Woodpeckers on the old and undisturbed forest habitats, removal of logs, snags, and large trees should be reduced to a minimum scale.

This study was carried out in order to investigate and determine the water requirement and irrigation scheduling in the Vardij district of Tehran province. In order to calculate the reference evapotranspiration, the FAO Penman-Monteith equation was utilized and WUCOLS III method was recruited to vegetation coefficient. The climate data of Chitgar Station (from 2008 to 2017) was used to calculate the reference evapotranspiration and effective rainfall. The results showed that effective rainfall in the studied area was not sufficient to provide the required water for the plant and there is a need for additional irrigation during the growing season. The highest amount (i. e. 41. 57 mm) of evapotranspiration of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. was observed in July and the lowest amount of evapotranspiration in January (i. e. 6. 65 mm) was measured. The total amount of evapotranspiration was 266. 31 mm. The irrigation with a amount of 12. 28 mm begins from May 22 and ends on Octobre 7 with a value of 10. 23 mm. The maximum amount of required irrigation (i. e. 20. 23 m) was applied from July 7 to july 22 and the lowest amount of required irrigation (i. e. 10. 23 mm) applied from Octoble 7 to Octoble 22.

Spermatogonial Stem Cells (SSCs) are the only stem cells in adults that can transfer genetic information to future generations. Considering that a single SSC gives rise to a vast number of spermatozoa, genetic manipulation of these cells is a potential novel technology with feasible application to various animal species. The aim of this study was to evaluate Enhanced green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) gene transfection into bovine spermatogonial colonies via Turbofect carrier and assess the best incubation day in uptake exogenous gene by spermatogonial colonies. Transfection efficiency EGFP gene through Turbufect was determined different three days (day 4, 6 and 8) after the beginning of the culture by fluorescent microscope. Immunofluorescent staining against OCT4 and Vimentin led to the confirmation of the nature of both SSCs and sertoli cells. Results showed that the transfected colonies through Turbufect increased significantly (p<0.05) in each three days of transfection in comparison with those of the control groups. The transfection colonies were higher (significant) in comparision with those of the free exogenous gene carrier groups. The rate of infected colonies was higher when transfection proceed day 4. It was concluded that Turbofect can be used safely for direct loading exogenous DNA to spermatogonila colony particulary during the fourth day of culture.

With the rapid population increase, the importance of using recycled water has increased the serious crisis of water resources and drought. One of the common methods for removal of pollutant is the process of adsorption by the adsorbent. In this study mesoporous carbon CMK-3, was synthesized, characterized and applied in the process of azo dye Janus green B. Mesoporous carbon CMK-3 was prepared by using SBA-15 silica material molecular sieve as hard template. Finally this adsorbent was characterized and confirmed by using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscope images (SEM), and chemical analysis (EDX).The effect of contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, electrolyte concentration, and temperature on the removal process of absorbing dye solution was studied. The dye adsorption equilibrium was rapidly attained after 60 min of contact time. Removal of dye in basic solutions was better than in acidic solutions. The adsorption of dye increased with increasing initial dye concentration and salt concentration, but color removal decreased with increasing temperature.

tree green space has a remarkable positive effect on neighboring land and building prices mainly due to its shading and aesthetic quality. Yet, this value is often overlooked. This paper aims to estimate the effect of tree green space on building price in Jahanshahr neighborhood of Karaj city. Hedonic pricing method was used to value tree green space. The data on 220 residential real estate transactions in 2016 within study areas were obtained from the state-owned Rahbar informatics services company. Spatial information and characteristics of neighborhood and tree green space were collected using QuickBird satellite image and Arc Gis10/3 software. tree green space neighboring studied buildings was quantified using the percentage of tree crown cover within different radius window surrounding the properties. Then, the optimal radius providing the highest correlation between tree cover and building prices was used in the hedonic model. The findings showed that the characteristics of building and tree green space have significant effects on per-m2 price of buildings. The optimal radius used to calculate tree cover around residential buildings found to be 300 meters. Price elasticity revealed that every 1% increase in the tree cover raise the per-m2 price by /6% at the sample mean. Therefore, tree green space in Jahanshar with average tree cover of 29/4 % raise the per-m2 price of buildings by 17/6 %. The results also showed that a 1% increase in the road distance to closest park reduces the per-m2 price of buildings by 9. 1%. Finally, view to park was significant and showed that buildings with park and garden views are on average 3. 9% more expensive.

One of the surface irrigation methods is furrow irrigation which is used in different ways. One of the methods in furrow irrigation is alternate (every-other) furrow irrigation in which the furrows are irrigated alternatively. In this irrigation method water infiltrates more horizontally than vertically. Appropriate infiltration equation should be used in designing a surface irrigation method. Thus, the differences in infiltration equations for ordinary and alternate furrow irrigations should be investigated. Some of the infiltration equations are empirical and are obtained from field measurements. Some others are physically based equations and their performances should be tested in field. In this research four different methods were used to solve the green-Ampt equation for alternate and ordinary furrow irrigations to simulate the advance phase, recession phase and outflow hydrograph. The results of simulation were compared with field data and the best method for solving the green-Ampt equation was proposed. Among the four methods (slug, modified slug, exponential and dimensionless), for solving the green-Ampt infiltration equation to simulate the advance, recession and outflow hydrograph in furrow irrigation, the exponential model were preferred for both ordinary and alternate furrow irrigation. The furrow spacing in ordinary and alternate furrow irrigations were different (60 and 120 cm, respectively) and was one of the input data to the model. Finally, appropriate results were obtained by the exponential model for both ordinary and alternate furrow irrigations with different furrow spacings.