The aim of this study is decoding the symbols used in the childish poems of Jafar Ebrahimi; to achieve the goal of research, the required information has studied after visiting the sources of information related to the subject, exploring different documents and taking notes by using descriptive-analytical method. The symbol is one of the artistic imagery that reflects the mental images and mentions layers beyond the literal meaning of the word or phrase. The literary technique used in poetry for children less because of companion with the mental association and images that are hard to understand; however, Ebrahimi’s poems are full of symbols that not only make no problem to understand meaning, also answer the child's emotional needs and lead inner conflicts to unity. There are two kinds of symbols in Ebrahimi’s poetry: literary symbol and psychological symbol. Psychological symbol is a reflection of the child's emotional behavior in the poem and it has physiological role in children; this kind of symbol often influences on children unconsciously. literary symbol are the symbols that poet uses them due to the dynamics and interpretable of poetry till examine power of evokes the child's mind and cause to search his mind.

The present study aimed to investigate the symbol of “birds” Hamid Mosadegh poems. The study tried to classify, describe and explain symbolic meaning of “birds” in the poems using content analysis. The results showed that nine birds including swallows, pigeons, owls, bats, eagles, Phoenixes, vultures, crows were examined in Qeysar Aminpour poems were a part of Mosadegh symbolism.symbolic concepts and meanings of birds were associated with natural features. Further, religious and cultural teachings had significant influence on the concepts which Mosadegh presented in his poetry over time. Overall, Some Mosadegh’s perceptions of birds were innovative and others rooted in cultural traditions. The formation of symbolic concepts of birds was originated from his perceptions and ability.

The collective unconscious, ancient heritage, ancestral experiences, and memories were presented by Jung, considering them an archetype symbol for covering the gap between human's conscious and unconscious. symbolic elements are for expressing the artist's desire and notion. This interaction has been maintained among generations in cultures, art, and architecture. Boundaries in different eras with different expressions should be passed to enter cities and buildings and move in built spaces. Apprehension of how archetype symbol affects pathways as a symbol of boundary, universe change, junction, and separation of inside and outside is significant. This analyticalqualitative historical research aims to study the symbolism of archetypes and the force of collective unconscious creation in pathways. What is the impact of archetypes on the history of pathways? How has the concept of passage in the collective unconscious affected the constructed spaces? The research was prepared in four general stages, theoretical foundations, finding common points of the archetype symbol in the pathways, related conceptual codes, and the repetitive pattern and different expressions of the research presentation and report. The results showed that an appropriate space for living, dwelling, and attaching could be created knowing the effect of archetypes on human beings. Archetype symbols of water, death, and life have been seen worldwide with familiar concepts, different images, and presentations in cultures and history. Hierarchically, a sense of presence, timelessness, and placelessness lead to the architecture's durability and effect on human beings. Pathways result from human beings' common models, eternal images, and the collective unconscious. It is presented in different shapes of a path, including bridge, gate, porch, and threshold. This study determines a path to create a stable space for living and dwelling. The findings of the current study can be utilized in designing pathways.

Sanā 'ī Ghaznavi is considered as the initiator of symbolic style in Persian mystical literature. His creativity in symbolism, especially in the domain of Qalandariyya and mystical symbols, and combination of elements of different genres was very welcomed by the poets after him. In addition to extending the capacity of language and providing profound mystical concepts being expressed, symbol has an outstanding role in aesthetics of literary texts. Analyzing the symbolic style in Sanā 'ī 's divan, it has been tried in present paper to clarify the role of symbol in beauty creation and its place in the excellence of his poems, and to make it clear how and in what ways the aesthetic aspects have strengthened his poetry? The results indicate that symbols broaden beauty in Sanā 'ī 's divan when some factors such as creativity and fantasy, ambiguity and multisensory, the unity of experience and image, and the honesty transfer of affections are utilized, and the cohesion between various parts of the universe, and consequently, in literary text happens.

The Mongols confronted an economic crisis thirty years after the fonnation of the Ilkhans rule in Iran. In order to overcome this crisis, the governments high functionaries ordered their subjects to deliver their golden and silver coins--the main instrument of transaction--to the government and instead receive "Chao"paper money. This article intends to investigate the main causes of the economic crisis during the Gikhatoo era (690-694 A. H). Some scholars maintain that the cause of the crisis was Gikhatoos behavior; that is, his lavishness, extravagance, and wastefulness, in addition to the death of herds caused by severe cold. This research doesnt completely refute these causes; however, it attempts to show that the circulation of "Chao" and the resistance of people against it, which finally sealed the fate of the Ilkhans rule, had deep political and social roots. Chao is in fact a symbol which, if properly studied, will shed light on the numerous social, political, economic and religio-cultural confrontations between Mongols and the people of Iran from the very beginning of the Mongol invasion to Iran. The implementation of unwise strategies regarding the religio-cultural domains by the first Ilkhans was a main factor which brought about a crisis of legitimacy and eventually led to the economic Crisis.

As an icon, emblem and character, Imam Hussein (AS) has always had a significant role in contemporary Arabic poetry. Muzafar al-Nawab, the contemporary Iraqi Shi'ite poet spent the better part of his life influenced by the political and social thoughts of Marxism. This study focuses on a descriptive approach to investigate Muzafar al-Nawab’ s poems on Imam Hussein (AS). It also attempted to discover Muzafar al-Nawab’ s attitude towards Imam Hussein (AS). Inspired by the revolutionary movement of Imam Hussein (AS), he introduces His holy person as the founder of the governance of the poor and the emblem of resistance. Fighting against Arab corrupt tyrants and protecting Palestine are the main themes of his poetry. He highlights the possible reoccurrence of Ashoura and introduces armed struggles as the only way to save Palestine.

One of the main drivers of tourism in today's competitive world is urban symbols and elements. Recognizing these symbols and introducing them to the field of tourism can be fruitful in advancing the various goals of this industry, in addition to spreading and exporting indigenous cultures and beliefs. Based on this, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the role of urban symbols and elements in the development of tourism in Khorramabad. The research method in this research is descriptive-correlation and the type of research is applied. The statistical population is urban tourism experts and specialists, according to the model used, 36 questionnaires were distributed among the statistical sample. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire was calculated above 0. 7. The structural equations of pls software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that urban symbols and elements have positively predicted 0. 741 of changes in urban identity and 0. 512 of changes in tourism development. Urban identity also predicted 0. 408 of changes in tourism development. In fact, urban identity accounted for 0. 302 of the relationship between urban symbols and elements to tourism development; Finally, the results of the final research model, considering that all three paths were significant in the presence of the mediator variable, indicate that urban identity has a partial mediation role in the model.

The concept of Justice in the Islamic Middle Ages thought was based on keeping order in society and having virtue politicians with high merit. Accordingly, based on this thought, the most important role of a ruler was to stand firm against the heretics and those broke the rule of law and order in society. In other words, suppression of the heretics was a kind of justice and brought the title of “the just” for rulers. The title of that Anushirvan has received from Moslem historiographers in the Middle Ages in fact, originated from such a kind of thought and idea; because he could suppress Mazdakians uprising as a heretic movement. It seems this factor has had an important role in calling Anushirvan as a just king, though other factors also can not be ignored.However, by using the hermeneutic methodology, in this paper it has been tried to examine the reflection of Anushirvan character as a just king in Islamic historiography in the Middle Ages and find out why and how he got such a position. In other words, in this paper the writer has tried to demonstrate that calling Anushirvan as a just king in Islamic historiography is not based on historical facts, but originated form the concept of justice among Moslem historians.

Consumption that is focused on physical appearance in contemporary societies have caused some new demeanor like having plastic surgeries and have become prevalent and well-known among people. This research attempts to investigate the widespread plastic surgeries that have become an indictor of consumption trends. As very little has been done to explore this subject and the massive occurrence of these surgeries in Iran, this study has been conducted to identify plastic surgeries done in the city of Esfahan and the sociological factors affecting these occurrences. Attempts were made to link concepts such as body, beauty, consumption, lifestyle, social class and parts operated as symbols and indicators to be questioned.140 people with no deficiency or medical problem were asked to have a plastic surgery within the two-month period of the research. Questionnaires were answered by the participants for the collection of data and information.The research findings revealed that the majority of people taking the surgery were unmarried women who belonged to middle and low classes having higher physical management capabilities. According to the research conductor and results, it could be said that: First, plastic surgery as a dignifying act is not only confined to just the upper social classes but also has become widespread among lower social strata. Second, the fact that the majority of plastic surgery applicants are among lower classes of the society indicates the significance of beauty in obtaining better social conditions and gaining more respect in the society.Third, conducts related to physical beauty and attraction as part of a lifestyle may cause distinction among people who belong to the same social class.

One of the important issuesregardingchildren and adolescents literature ofHoly Defense is how to define war and the related details and concepts for children. Employing symbols and motifs is the most artistic technique to represent the concepts related to holy defense in children and adolescents literature. The proper use of symbols and familiar motifs in children’s worlddevelops the interpretive domain of the stories through establishing a conceptual relation between words and reality; it also familiarizes the reader with actions involved in war and conveys the culture of war and its hidden beliefs through spreading meaning throughout the structural axis of stories.The present study is an attempt to indicate how symbolic elementsare employed in Holy Defense children and adolescents stories.