OBJECTIVE: To assess in-depth sub-national estimates and trends for the incidence and prevalence of selected GI and liver diseases by age, gender and province over the period 1990–2013 in Iran.METHODS: This is a national and sub-national burden of disease study on 21 GI diseases using all available data sources, including cancer registry, death registration system data, hospital data, and all available published data. Analyses will be performed separately by gender, age groups, year, and province. We will conduct 21 separated systematic reviews of the literature for 21 diseases categories through searching online international electronic databases (i.e. the Medline database of the National Library of Medicine, Web of Science, and Scopus), Iranian search engines (i.e., Iran Medex, Scientific Information Database (SID), and IRANDOC), and gray literature. We will search the medical literature published between January 1985 and December 2013. We generated two models, Spatio-temporal and Multilevel Autoregressive models, to estimate mean and uncertainty interval for the parameters of interest by gender, age, year, and province. The models will be informed by data of gender, age, year, and province. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods will be used to perform Bayesian inference in both modeling framework. All programs will be written in R statistical packages (version 3.0.1).RESULTS: We will calculate and present 1990 to 2013 trends in terms of prevalence, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years DALYs for the 21 selected GI diseases by gender, and province. We will also quantify the uncertainty interval for the estimates of interest.CONCLUSION: Results of the present study will have implications for policy making, as they allow for understanding geographic distributions of the selected GI diseases, and identifying health disparities across provinces.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In recent decades, the study of spatial planning in general and “ spatial structure” in particular has taken a special position in international references. The review of related theoretical texts published in recent decades shows great changes in this area. Most of the research has reviewed and scrutinized the spatial structure in the theoretical literature and international empirical research (Parr, 2013; Meijers, 2005; Davoodi, 2003; Guillain et al., 2006; Cao, 2016; Gebhardt, 2016; Goletz, 2016). In national references, new concepts and foundations have been explored in the field of spatial structure in particular and spatial planning in general. On the one hand, the diversity and variety of research conducted in this field in national references, the contradictory results obtained from some of the research, and the lack of a single finding may imply the uselessness of the conducted research and the waste of time and money. On the other hand, the results confuse some scientific societies and theorists, policymakers, planners, and decision-makers. Therefore, a meta-study approach is used to remove such conditions in research methods and their revision process. By using a meta-study, the present study aims to review the national research in the field of spatial structure to identify and examine theoretical and scientific gaps and address the strengths of research. Finally, by combining and summarizing the studies on spatial structure, the theoretical frameworks of reviewed studies are explained. METHODS: The present research is a developmental-applied study in terms of objective and includes quantitative and qualitative aspects in terms of type and nature of data. According to the characteristics of the research topic, this study is descriptive-analytical research carried out using a meta-study research method. F INDINGS: The content analysis of the reviewed studies showed that in these studies, four approaches had been applied to analyze the spatial structure. They include hierarchical, systemic, relational-synergistic, and contextual approaches. There are also three perspectives on “ spatial structure” . The origin of these perspectives is rooted in the areas addressed in the theoretical foundations of studies. In studies on topics such as “ monocentric, polycentric and scattered patterns” , the perspective on “ spatial structure patterns” was applied to analyze the spatial structure. In studies on topics such as “ centralized, decentralized, scattered, compact, random, sprawl, fragmented and leapfrog patterns” , the perspective on “ spatial structure development patterns” was applied. Those articles focusing on topics such as “ linear, island, cluster, symmetrical, correlated, radial, sector, complex, porous patterns” have analyzed the spatial structure using the perspective on “ form patterns of spatial structure. ” Moreover, the analysis of studies showed that the confusion of topics and concepts has taken place in the field of spatial structure. In many studies, the concepts of spatial growth patterns and spatial form patterns have been used instead of spatial structure patterns, indicating a misunderstanding of key concepts in the field of spatial structure. The analysis of studies also showed that various factors and driving forces-internal factors including “ backgrounds and contexts, economic, demographic, social dimensions and infrastructure” and external factors and drivers of development including “ government policies and decisions-spatial planning policies, globalization-global processes and economic rivalries”-influence the formation and change of the spatial structure of cities and regions. CONCLUSION: In the general review, it can be stated that the study of the spatial structure has become an important issue in Iran only in the last two decades. About 80% of these studies have been conducted in less than a decade, indicating the emergence of this concept in the spatial planning system of Iran. On the other hand, 87% of the studies have an applied-developmental nature, and only 13% have addressed basic concepts, indicating the poor scientific development of this concept in applieddevelopmental studies. Among the effects of this shortcoming, one can mention the lowquality and inadequacy of the theoretical foundations presented in the studies, which was observed in 42% of the reviewed studies, according to the present study results. Only 34% of the studies were evaluated well in terms of theoretical foundations. Some significant weaknesses identified in the qualitative evaluation of studies include less use of up-todate and reliable references, the lack of proper coherence between the objectives and research questions and theoretical foundations, and improper use of theoretical concepts and foundations. There is also a particular weakness in focusing on the approaches. There is a lack of knowledge in the reviewed studies, and most of them have expressed related approaches and theories without having any theoretical knowledge. On the other hand, more than 65% of the studies have relied on a morphological approach rather than land use, functional, and combined approaches. Therefore, in future research, it is required to pay more attention to the development of theoretical and approach concepts, structures, and frameworks and analytical approaches to the spatial structure to fix existing gaps. Also, in the analysis of geographical distribution, it was found that most of the studies focused on Tehran metropolitan area and Tehran metropolis and other geographical areas have been less studied, indicating a weak balance in exploring the different geographical areas of Iran. Of the four spatial scales, 54% of studies were performed at urban and metropolitan scales, and researchers have less considered other spatial scales.

Introduction Achieving the growth and development of society requires creating equal and contextual opportunities and how to use the talents and abilities in it. One of these opportunities is the possibility of the presence and mobility of the disabled people as other people in society,Undoubtedly, people with disabilities are part of the members of any society, which, according to equality of citizenship rights, need to be present in urban public spaces and create social interactions,So, in this study, due to the importance of the subject, an attempt has been made to design and match this type of spaces in one of the most important and busiest boulevards of Semnan city (the area of Ghaem Boulevard as a readable urban public space) in order to solve problems, increase the presence and safe accessibility of the disabled people to these spaces that are the purpose of this research should be addressed because the city and its spaces are not just a system and physical or natural context, but also the context of human life and a place for the emergence of people’, s abilities and creativity, the realization of goals, and the search for their happiness and satisfaction. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the type of study in terms of purpose is applied, and the research method in terms of nature is descriptive-analytical and field type. Library and documentary study methods have been used to collect information related to theoretical topics and explain the principles and criteria resulting from this section. The field study method has been used to recognize and investigate the current situation and analyze and evaluate the applicant’, s spatial patterns in the study area (conduct practical studies). In collecting field information, methods such as observation, photography, and tools such as a researcher-made questionnaire were used. After analyzing the questionnaires and placing its findings in line with field observations and studies, using the QSPM method to analyze and prioritize the strategies obtained from the SWOT table and then according to the design indicators mentioned in the theoretical framework section, for each of the strategy extracted, executive solutions are expressed to design and adapt and solve problems in the study area and thus increase the presence of people with disabilities. Findings: The findings of the present study show that in the design and adaptation of urban public spaces in Semnan, such as the area of Ghaem Boulevard, the conditions and needs of the disabled people, especially the physically disabled people, have not been paid much attention and these people in the study area of this research due to many physical problems have many issues and concerns, including lack of easy commuting on sidewalks and streets, lack of ease of access and proper use of public places, spaces and special arrangements for spending leisure time. All these factors have created a disorderly, unhealthy, unsafe, and uncomfortable environment for the presence and efficient use of the disabled people in this area, despite its potential. So, these people rarely enter urban spaces alone. Most of them, due to the lack of suitable conditions for the presence and performance of optional activities, prefer to eliminate this type of activity. They only refer to the area and use it to perform their necessary and obligatory activities. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was found that our cities today, due to social, managerial, and physical defects, have spaces for the presence of healthy and capable groups and do not accept the reality of people with disabilities, both physically and socially, and have many issues and problems in various fields. Disabled people in these spaces, despite the existence of laws that claim equal citizenship rights with other members of society, in practice due to corrupt and inappropriate designs and far from the minimum standards, and the lack of executive guarantee of regulations to create appropriate spaces, they are deprived of being present in the community and having safe and easy access to the public spaces of the city and using the facilities available in it and participating in various activities. Thus, principled design and adaptation and compliance with standards, especially in public spaces used by different groups, is the right of all citizens and requires a comprehensive and binding approach. Also, the results of the present study show that by implementing the following strategies, we can help increase the Presence of citizens, especially the physically disabled people. Solutions include adapting sidewalks, streets, public buildings, and urban furniture elements, revising and adapting the case study based on design indicators and urban planning criteria, and providing the conditions in which all people can use these spaces according to their citizenship rights because the adaptation of urban spaces as a physical context for all people to have equal opportunities to move around the city, access to all urban spaces and perform activities in various fields is a necessity for growth and development between human being and the surrounding spaces and in the whole society. Based on this, it can be said that a society whose development orientation (planning, management, design, etc. ) is according to the conditions of all people and responds to their needs and problems is a society in which everyone will have comfortable living conditions and will benefit from it.