Background: The radiological impact of the use of phosphate fertilizers in soil is due to the internal irradiation of the lung by the alpha particles, short lived radon-thoron progeny and the external irradiation of the body by gamma rays emitted from radionuclides in situ. This paper describes the results of gamma spectrometric measurements of the concentration of the natural radionuclides namely 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the soil samples collected from the fields where a variety of phosphate fertilizers are being used by the farmers to enhance the crop yield. Materials and Methods: The experimental work utilizes actual measurements of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K using gamma spectrometry and radon concentration and exhalation rates measurements using solid state nuclear track (LR-115, Type-II plastic) detectors to asses a first order exposure risk for the persons working in the fields where lot of fertilizers are being used to enhance crop yield in terms of occupational exposure. Results: The concentration of Radium, Thorium and Potassium in the mixed soil sample from crop fields is 16.2 ± 0.22, 68.1±1.44 and 875.0±9.68 Bq/kg, where as in barren soil sample is 9.1±0.13, 59.4±1.45 and 668.4±8.01 Bq/kg respectively. The radium equivalent activity (Raeq) in the mixed soil sample from crop fields is 225.9 Bq/kg, where as in barren soil sample is 193.1 Bq/kg. The values of absorbed dose and annual effective dose (indoors and outdoors) are found to vary from 90.87 nGyh-1 to 119.71 nGyh-1, 0.45 mSv/y to 0.59 mSv/y and 0.11 mSv/y to 0.15 mSv/y respectively in soil sample from crop fields, whereas the value of absorbed dose and annual effective dose (indoors and outdoors) is 92.29 nGyh-1, 0.45 mSv/y, 0.11 respectively in soil sample collected from barren land. The radon concentration and exhalation rates have also been reported. Conclusion: The activity concentration, exhalation rate and absorbed dose were found to increase substantially with the use of phosphate fertilizers and it varies from sample to sample. The radium equivalent activities in all the soil samples were found to be lower than the limit (370 Bq/kg) set in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report and the dose equivalent is within the safe limit of 1 mSv/y.

While male breast cancer (MBC) consists only 1% of all breast cancers in the United States, approximately 2000 men are diagnosed annually and the incidence seems to be slowly increasing. About 50% of men have axillary nodal metastasis at the time of diagnosis. A mean delay of 6 to 10 months occurs in the diagnosis of MBC, which leads to the progression of the disease before presentation. More than 40% of MBCs present with stage III/IV disease. Therefore, men with MBC have a worse prognosis compared with women. Additionally, as a result of the paucity of breast tissue in males, early chest wall spread occurs. Therefore, it seems that recognition of the symptoms and radiologic features of MBC can improve early detection, the prognosis and survival rate of the disease. A few researches focused on male breast cancer; however, there are many similarities with female breast cancer and some differences. The current study aimed to review the latest information on risk factors, clinical, and radiological features of MBC.

To assess the environmental radioactivity levels and hence to determine the population exposure in Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh the sediment samples were analyzed by using gamma ray spectrometry. In those sediment samples the average activity concentration of natural radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K were found 15. 39± 1. 67, 38. 35± 0. 76 and 475. 51± 21. 15 Bq/kg respectively. The activity concentration of 238U and 232Th were less than the world average. But the activity concentration of 40K was higher than the world average values. These results were used to calculate the radiological hazard parameters like radium equivalent activities (Raeq), representative level index (Iγ r). Due to natural radionuclides in sediment, the effective annual outdoor dose in the study area was 0. 07 mSv; which is within the accepted range of 0. 07 mSv. The average value of radium equivalent activities (Raeq) and representative level index (Igr) were found to be 128. 03± 12. 08 Bq/Kg and 0. 96± 0. 09 Bq/Kg which were greater than the world average. The anthropogenic radionuclide 137Cs was also found in few samples. The average activity concentration of 137Cs was 1. 64± 0. 20 Bq/kg which is lower than the world average. The obtained experimental data of this research work would be useful to assess the population exposure from radionuclides in sediment as well as base line data of natural radioactivity in this island.

The world is embroiled in a pandemic of a new coronavirus at the end of 2019 and early in 2020, with such a large scale that it has severely involved the political, economic, and social systems in most countries around the world. The scale of the crisis is so widespread that many experts believe that the post-corona world will be substantially different from the pre-corona world. In the face of this massive epidemic, how people perceive risk and how to risk is communicated, plays a central role in deciding and choosing people's behavior. Fighting with this emerging phenomenon requires mobilizing all the possibilities of society and helping all people in the field of empathy and altruism. In this article, we briefly review aspects of the important concept of risk perception and communication in this pervasive crisis.

Economy ride ahead of the world.All human activities lead to financial problems.Economy has two dimensions in usual daily commercial problems but medical and radiological economy is a tridimensional phenomenon.In the two-dimensional economy, both sides, see their own benefits and fair "gains" but in the  medical and radiologic economy, the patient gives us money and gets health. We protect the patient’s benefits by controlling the complications and consequently his/her future. This means we are not looking for our benefits only.19% of WHO payments are by private insurance companies, 25% by social insurance companies, 18% out of packet or with no payment, 34% by governments and 4% by others.In undeveloped countries 20-25% of health payments are dedicated for 1% of the people, 60%of the payment for 10% of the people and 20% for the other 89% of the nation. Today most of our people are young but after 3-4 decades our people or the Iranian society turns into a gray category or old population.Percentage increase in health budget from 1960 to1997 was 12% in Japan, 10% in Germany, 9.5% in France, 9.4% in the USA, 8.5% in Canada, 8.2% in England and 7.5% in Newzealand.The number of physicians for 1000 population is 3.4 in Germany, 2.9 in France, 2.6 in the USA, 2.1 in Canada, 1.8 in Japan and 1.7 in the UK.Hospital beds for 1000 population in year 2003 was minimum 3.1 in Finland and maximum 12.3 in Japan.By 1996: Number of X-ray CT scan for 1000.000 population is 69.7 in Japan, 26.9 in USA, 18.4 in Australia, 16.04 in Germany,9.4 in France, 7.9 in Canada and 6.3 in England.From 1995 to 1996: Number of MRI for 1000.000 population is 18.8 in Japan, 16 in the USA, 5.7 in Germany, 3.4 in the UK, 2.9 in Australia, 2.3 in France and 1.3 in Canada.Fee for service is very low in our country and any investment or business is better than medical investment, especially radiology investment.Prescriptions for the future in developed countries or future humanity are: Computerized physician order entry Establishing and increasing document imaging Individual health registry Sale systems should be clear and useful National and innovation roles for patients Using information and information technology "I.T" for balance and increase quality of health.Using bar codes in the health system.

The be benefits ionizing radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, as well as other conditions such as cardiac ablation, are well established. However ablation, are well established. However determination, monitoring, and evaluation of patient doses is not an easy task. Furthermore, radiation doses for individual patients may vary greatly from one radiological procedure to another.

In the pictorial review of osteoid osteoma we will compare imaging modalities including plain x ray, CT scan, isotopic scan in nearly all patients and MRI in selected cases with each other. We will discuss radiological features such as periosteal reaction and different locations of niduses. The most common location was tibia and the least common locations were fingers and the transverse process of the vertebra. Clinical signs and symptoms of osteoid osteoma in approximately all patients were similar, such as night pain which was relieved by aspirin. This pictorial review aims to describe the imaging features of osteoid osteoma in a series of 45 patients with various age ranges, tumor locations and different imaging presentations which were proved by pathology. In our series, we had two patients with recurrency.