The aim of this study is to examine qualitative research in practice. qualitative research implies processes and methods that are not measured in terms of quantity, amount or frequency. Direct research is one of the strategies used by qualitative researchers to explain organizational behavior. These article intents to show the results of the researcher's experience in applying direct research to describe managerial roles Iranian administrators play at work. In this study deductive method was used to draw the model of the study and inductive approach to build the theory.

Background and aim: Coherence describes the fit between the aim, the philosophical perspective adopted, and the researcher role in the study as well as the methods of investigation, analysis and evaluation undertaken by the researcher. This review study aimed to elucidate one of the important qualitative methodology issues entitled coherence, which is usually undermined during a qualitative study.Materials and methods: The authors logged on to some general and specialized search engines as well as conducted a library research in healthcare and social science textbooks to perform an in-depth study regarding coherence in qualitative research. The search resulted in 95 articles and 20 textbooks. In spite of the importance of coherence in qualitative methodology, 23 articles and 7 textbooks had more content regarding the subject, which were employed to write this paper.Findings: The gathered data were classified into 4 categories: the definition of coherence; the proofs for incoherence in qualitative methodology; the causes of incoherence; and, finally, the strategies for coherence improvement in qualitative methodology.Conclusion: Different factors may cause incoherence in qualitative research, which reduce the rigor and credibility of it. In addition, in the long run, it results in uncontrolled methodological diversities and inability to define criteria to judge qualitative research reports.

Conducting experimental social studies by qualitative method and developmental space and developing these methods has discussed the evaluation of this research and the validity and accuracy of the findings of this research. In particular, this issue is very visible in our country, and the search for sources and articles related to the criteria of qualitative research evaluation and their fingerprinting is a testament to the problematic nature of this issue. This is the concern of the authors in this article. In this research work, three parts of research components, research criteria and research strategies have been separated. By examining components such as researcher characteristics, conceptual framework, background factors, research goals and questions, data collection procedures, data management and analysis, the importance of careful criteria in each of these components It is emphasized. This article insists on the separation of rigor criteria from rigor strategies and, of course, the relationship between the two. To be rigor, a variety of criteria have been proposed by thinkers, some of which are: credibility, transferability, dependability, conformabilty, coherence, sampling adequacy, substantive validity, and ethical validity. Each of these criteria is related with the strategies such as peer debriefing, reflectivity, thick description, member checking, external audies, complexity of analysis, and referential adequacy.

The present paper deals with one of the methods of qualitative research called "discourse analysis method". There is no clear consensus on what the nature of discourse is or what its different dimensions are. The way these discourses function and how to analyze them differ according to the different definitions and the way scientists analyze them. A discourse is simply defined as "particular way of talking about the world and understanding it". This paper deals with discourse analysis in the view of Michel Foucault a contemporary scientist, Foucault's theory about discourse analysis has undergone some changes and it is now known as Fukuyama's genealogy. This paper touches on Foucault's thoughts about discourse analysis and sheds light on the constituent elements of his discourse analysis. Also, an instance of the research in which this method is used is acted in order to show its application.

There are two qualitative and quantitative research paradigms in the methodological debates.Phenomenological approach is one of the most important methods in the qualitative researches.Depending on researcher’s view on study phenomenon, this approach is divided into two main methods of descriptive and interpretive. Despite the many similarities between the two methods, there are differences; that understanding them helps the researcher on proper choice of the two phenomenology methods for different areas.Therefore, this article tries while passing on the philosophical origins of phenomenology; clarifies applied features of both descriptive and interpretive approach.

Food safety defined as a basis of the development, health sustainability indicator and welfare of the community. In line with the research goals for the accessibility of food safety, the relevant policies should be changed or general policies must be developed. This qualitative research was carried out on the basis of (Ann) Majchrzak Method for policy research as well as semi-structured interviews as a qualitative method of inquiry was used in the present study. Totally, 25 experts on food safety were interviewed about policy research process including policy change wheel in 2017. Also, conducting qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) relies on MAXQDA (2007) method. Findings of the research on the structure of food safety policy were discussed in six categories including transparent and comprehensive policy making as context, community health maintenance (as a phenomenon), the inefficiency of existing policies on food safety as causal conditions, Compilation and implementation of complementary interventions as operational strategies, social empowerment as an intermediary as well as the accessibility of sustainable society. Results show that the process of policy research on food safety is a dynamic, complicated, permanent and correlative concept which is influenced by effective factors on policy making. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the process of policy research on food safety can be affected by the inefficiency of existing policies on food safety, compilation and implementation of complementary interventions and also social empowerment.

Ethnography as a scientific research method in human sciences with active participation of researcher in the field research aims to develop scientific knowledge of groups and cultures. Direct observation in natural sitting and evaluation of data in the context caused holistic view with high validity of ethnography research.The theoretical foundation of ethnography insists on culture based on holistic view and follows thick description through in-depth studies. This article argues theoretical foundation, methodological assumptions, research process and ultimately those positive and negative points in ethnography research.