Currently, there are different assumptions about scenarios or interaction contrast between America and Al Qaeda there. Some analysts believe that bin Laden's death will eventually lead to the destruction of al-Qaeda network. This group of people who believe that al-Qaeda, is an organization that rooted in different parts of the world, since the network is expected to avenge the blood of bin Laden to America. For years the pretext for the war and bloodshed will continue. But some other analysts have considered the opposite of their view of America has made al-Qaeda and bin Laden directly or indirectly, whatever they say Americans can provide. Hence the creation of new threats to America, will move to eliminate bin Laden. The current critical situation in the Middle East that America is setting aside the issue of so-called war on terrorism, to confidently deal with the issue of the popular uprising in the Arab world to pay. They believe that the U. S. is not interested to fight against terrorism anymore. In this regard, popular uprisings in the Middle East is more dangerous than terrorism for Americans and Washington have become shabby affair with close combat terrorism directed their energy to make a new threat.

Murder has always been a social and police issue in any society and has consumed most of the police energy when dealing with such phenomenon. The present study tries to explore the effect of variables of situational prevention measures on the rate of Murders in Kermanshah city. This is an applied descriptive-analytic field study. Police and law experts constituted the statistical sample of the study. The sample was randomly selected. The findings of the study demonstrated that increase in predictable risks in murder was the most effective (4.41%) and removing the present pretexts was the least effective (3.96) techniques in reducing the murder rate in Kermanshah.

This article intends to take an intertextual approach to investigate relationship between works of art, especially visual works of Mithraism _ as pretext _ and Christianity. For this purpose, pictorial samples including eight themes of birth, sanctity of water and baptism, image of mother and child, the Last Supper, ascension and resurrection, sanctity of red, apostles and crucifixes were selected from both religions. Then, visual samples were selected according to these themes and their relationship was described with intertextual approaches. Intertextuality is basically a literary _ artistic theory which believes there is no text without a pretext. This theory, which first was raised by Julia Kristeva, focuses on intertextual relations in production and reading process of texts. There are two types of intertextuality in general: production and reading intertextuality. Production type pay attention to pretexts of work in production process, that is examining the works that have played a role in the production of subsequent works. In addition, there are different types of intertextuality studies. for instance, transtextuality is one of them which introduced by Gerrard Genette. Genette describes transtextuality as all that sets the text in a relationship whether obvious or concealed, with other texts. Transtextuality can be include a varieties types of text relationships: Intertextuality, Paratextuality, Metatextuality, Architextuality and Hypertextuality. Intertextuality is as a relationship of copresence between two texts or among several texts. A tittle, a subtitle, intertitles, prefaces, postfaces, notices, forewords and etc are paratext. Metatextuality is the relationship most often labeled commentary. By architextuality Genette means the entire set of general or transcendent categories types of discourse, modes of enunciation, literary geners from which emerges each singular text. By Hypertextuality he means any relationship uniting a text B (hypertext) to an earlier text A (hypotext) upon which it is grafted in a manner that is not that of commentary. The hypothesis of the present article is this: The pretexts of some Christian works of art is Mithraic works. To prove this hypothesis, some works of Christian art were analyzed using intertextual approach. The results led to proof of this hypothesis. In intertextual study of works of arts from two religions, different approaches of intertextuality were used: Genette transtextuality, Jenny approaches, Riffaterre intertextuality and etc. Intertextual relations in Mithraic and Christian works sometimes have an in-sign identity and sometimes an inter-sign basis. In some case studies, the pretext and text both are from one semiotic system but in others, the semiotic systems are different. The discovery of intertextual relationships between the study bodies of this paper also indicates intercultural relationships, Mithraism and Christian societies have two different cultures. The method of this research is historical _ analytical, its data is gathered via library source and by referring to books, articles and sites. The results of this article indicate that due to the common themes between Mithraism and Christian, there are strong relationships between them in different aspects and we can consider Mithraic works as pretexts for Christian works of art.

Intertextual relationship is the most important principle in shaping new texts, nevertheless texts coming from different disciplines have always influenced one another and there exists an intertextual connection between them. Based on this notion the purpose of this research is to explore and determine the extent to which the local historical writings were influenced by Shahnameh as a pretext and an ideal literary model. Gerard Genette’ s transtextuality theory which is the most complete theory in the study and recognition of the relation between texts is used in this article to find an answer to the question. This research makes use of descriptive analytic and library method. The study and the analysis of the textual data reveals that the local historians with significant frequency have employed four kinds of intertextual elements such as indirect speech, allusion, reference, and plagiarism in historical texts, hence Shahnameh as a pretext served as an ideal model to meet their expectations, motivations and purposes.

Terrorism has been one of the tools used by America in foreign policy to control actors, resources and processes. The subject of this research is to show the pattern of American behavior towards non-aligned countries under the pretext of fighting terrorism, to show any attempt by the United States to prevent the stabilization of the regional position c. A. It is Iran. In this regard, the research question is what are the consequences of the position of terrorism in American foreign policy on national security c. A. Iran has? The research hypothesis is that after September 11,America's strategy of defense policy and pre-emptive and preventive attack in the form of confrontation with international terrorism by adopting strategies such as the Greater Middle East, the axis of evil, is actually intensifying pressures, increasing sanctions, proxy confrontations, and spreading Iranophobia. The research results show that c. A. Due to its independent and confrontational foreign policy, Iran has always been an obstacle to the expansionist policies of these powers and their supporter and regional ally, so Iran has always been at the top of the security threats and self-interest of these powers. These powers have always been trying to create a crisis and weaken the central power of Iran inside to reduce its role and influence in regional issues, and they have always shown this goal under the pretext of fighting terrorism.

French abstract: L’ é lé ment de personnage a souvent fait l’ objet d’ é tudes litté raires. Pourtant, rares sont les é tudes qui scrutent l’ effet esthé tique de cet é lé ment sur la ré ception du lecteur. Les recherches de Vincent Jouve sur l’ effet-personnage pallient ce manque thé orique. Dans L’ effet-personnage dans le roman (2001), il explique que le personnage peut produire trois types d’ effet sur le lecteur: l’ effet-personne, l’ effet-personnel et l’ effet-pré texte. Dans cet article, nous nous pencherons sur l’ é tude de ce dernier effet à travers Dé sert (1980), roman de J. M. G. Le Clé zio. Cet effet s’ exerce sur le lecteur lorsque celui-ci projette ses dé sirs dans le personnage. Mais par quel mé canisme le lecteur entre en interaction avec le personnage-pré texte et comment cette interaction donne lieu à l’ abré action des pulsions du lecteur pour provoquer le plaisir lectoral? Quels sont les procé dé s narratifs qui pré parent l’ effet-pré texte? Pour ré pondre à ces questions et afin de mieux connaî tre le processus de l’ activité lectoriale et son effet sur le lecteur, nous é tudierons les trois dé sirs pulsionnels parcourant notre corpus, à savoir le voyeurisme, l’ aspiration à l’ inhumain et au non-humain et l’ affirmation du Moi. Nous examinerons é galement, les modalité s de la pré paration narrative de l’ oeuvre en vue de susciter l’ effet-pré texte à la ré ception du personnage. English abstract: The character element has often been the subject of literary studies. However, few studies have examined the aesthetic effect of this element on the reader's reception. Vincent Jouve's research on the character effect helps to overcome this theoretical lack. In his book, Character Effect in Novel (2001), he explains that the character can produce three types of effect on the reader: the person effect, the personal effect and the pretext effect. In this article, we looked at the study of this last effect through Desert (1980), a novel by J. M. G. The Clé zio. This effect is exerted on the reader when he projects his desires into the character. However, by what mechanism does the reader interact with the pretext character and how does this interaction give rise to the abreaction of the reader's impulses to provoke reading pleasure? And finally, what are the narrative processes that prepare the pretext effect? To answer these questions and in order to better understand the process of readership activity and its effect on the reader, we set out to study first, the three impulsive desires traversing our corpus, namely voyeurism, aspiration for the inhuman and the non-human and the affirmation of ‘ Me’ . Then, we examined the modalities of the narrative preparation of the work in order to create the pretext effect upon reception of the character. I. DESIRE OF VOYEURISME The transgression of the forbidden is one of the permanent temptations in humans and therefore one of the sources of pleasure. This is what justifies the existence of the desire for voyeurism, also called libido sciendi. The desire to spy on and know the unknown is therefore common to all men. It is provoked in a novel when the reader becomes a witness to what he is not allowed to watch in real life. Each intrusion into the privacy of the characters can be considered an act of voyeurism. In such situations, fascinated by intimate scenes, the reader becomes a "legitimate voyeur" and occupies the status of "read". In this regard, our study revealed a strong presence of the desire of voyeurism in the two stories of our corpus. This drive of the reader thus finds on several occasions, the opportunity to be satisfied: whether by the privileged position of the reader to penetrate the emotional being of the characters thanks to the romantic alibi or by the exposure of the body of female characters sometimes desired, sometimes desirable. The description of some characters' attempts to protect themselves from unhealthy looks as well as that of the discreet looks on some others, unwittingly or not; act as textual support to fill the drive of the reader. Likewise, the representation of scenes such as Lalla's entry into the bathhouse, her sexual act and also her delivery contributes to activating the reader's desire for voyeurism. The impression of being the only one who can know the interiority of the character without his knowledge would thus stimulate libido sciendi. II. ASPIRATION FOR THE INHUMAN AND THE NON-HUMAN Sex and violence can constitute inexhaustible sources of desires embodied by texts with literary vocation because given their transgressive nature, they remain the most unfulfilled in real life. The reader's confrontation with these two impulses gives him the opportunity to satisfy his own without worrying about the moral aspect or the social consequences of the act in real situations. Literature, therefore, allows the reader to highlight what is reprehensible in real life. Jouve believes that the return of repressed desires by the pretext character goes through two means: "liberation of the inhuman" and "re-assumption of the non-human". The first includes all of the character's relationships to "socially censored forms of money, sex and death" and the second consists of the character's regression "to the animal, plant and mineral kingdoms". According to him, all these impulses of the pretext character come from the libido sentiendi. In this regard, our study shows that in Desert, sexual assault is not privileged to represent libido scentiendi. The subconscious outbursts of readers are mostly satisfied by two forms of violence: theft and homicide. In addition, it manifests itself in the two stories of Desert, as strongly linked to the scourges of modernity and to the crisis of human values that emanates from it. The embodiment of prohibited desires goes hand in hand with the remarkable tendency of the characters towards other forms of existence, namely animal and vegetable, which animates the regressive inclination of the reader towards the anorganic state. The characters' exceptional proximity to nature thus favors the reader the opportunity to fulfill their sentient libido. III. AFFIRMATION OF ME The desire to break the laws of society exists latently at the bottom of every human being because by opposing others, he finds the opportunity to assert himself as "I". The aspiration to power is, indeed, what feeds the libido dominandi. This manifests itself in literary texts when the author favors conditions in which the reader gives free rein to his ego while projecting himself into a character-pretext. The fact of investing in the character is worth an attempt to assert Me. The close relationship between the character and the reader allows the latter to enjoy the fictitious status of the character to live in the space of reading, the imaginary experience of asserting himself. The conditions for the release of the reader's desires are optimized according to the distance of the latter from the cultural universe of the story. Indeed, the cultural gap can further legitimize the projection into the character. The cultural alibi can therefore reassure the reader to allow him to immerse further into the narrative and imagine himself far from the lived reality. This impulse is absent in Nour's story, given the overwhelming conditions of which he and his people were victims, while it expands considerably through Lalla's story. Because not only does the cultural alibi favor it, but also the reader's megalomaniac desires are projected into the character's lucid ambition: the quest for freedom. This quest defines all of Lalla’ s existence. It translates into the search for direct contact and harmony with nature. Having taken the form of a sought after ideal, it represents the most intense expression of desire in power. The reader can live thus, a drive purge insofar as Lalla by the revolt, makes restore in his life the order which she desires, far from any material enslavement. Indeed, what differentiates Lalla from the man of today is her reluctance facing the unwanted. Lalla does not hesitate to revolt against forced marriage or exploitation in the workplace to regain her freedom. To be validated and to oppose the urban life which deprived her of the euphoria of freedom, Lalla decides to leave Marseille to return to her native land. This freedom, therefore, gives him the strength of an ego opposing others. IV. pretextUALIZATION OF THE CHARACTER AND ITS NARRATIVE PROCESSES Our study shows the important place of narrative processes to erect the fictional being as a pretext character. According to Jouve, the character is received as a pretext character, when he qualifies as delivered and distanced. Unlike the opaque or retained character, the delivered character exposes its thoughts. These did not reach us in the same way. Hence the need for the second division of this type of character into distant and proximate. The distance that settles down through the narrator, between the reader and the character is so that it does not involve any identification with the latter. In other words, emotionally, the reader does not feel close enough to the character to put himself in his place. On the other hand, the mediation of the narrator to account for the character's thoughts encourages the reader to identify himself rather with the narrator than with the character. In this perspective, our study shows that the treatment both delivered and distanced from the character, the frequent recourse of the author to the psycho-narration, and also to the contextualization of the narration, contribute to creating the pretext effect for the reception of the character.

Globalization as a process that highly affects human interactions and relationship and have attracted special attention among people’s public opinion, governments and international organizations, in a way that the role and place of human being and the rights that he is entitled to, have become very important; such that we are witnessing the globalization of human rights has become jus cogens. On this basis globalization of human rights has led to adjustment of the principle of sovereignty and non-interference. As a result the grounds have been prepared for military intervention in the internal affairs of the countries on the pretext of humanitarian intervention and the responsibility about the breach of individual human rights. In this regard it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of desirability and legitimacy of humanitarian intervention in Syria taking into consideration the crisis in this country and the ensuing events that are considered as violation of human rights. An understanding which shows the real truth behind the intervention in Syria and violation of her sovereignty under the pretext of humanitarian intervention is not under the impact of global developments of human rights and the globalization process which supports human rights and object the breach of them but it is all done with political motives and the justification behind it is the violation of human rights.

The Caucasus is a religiously important region as it has been the pathway of different cults, beliefs, creeds, and sects throughout history. Since ancient times, this region has had deep religious as well as historical links with Iran. After the advent of Islam, the new religion tried to spread over the entire Caucasus, but the people there resisted embracing the new faith. At last, however, the people in some parts of Caucasia converted to Sunnis, and in this way, Islam became one of the religions in the Caucasus, along with Christianity in Georgia and Armenia. Due to its unique geographical location, the Caucasus was one of the disputed areas between the Safavids and the Ottomans. The Safavid government and the Ottoman government made efforts to increase their influence in the region. On the one hand, the Ottoman government tried to put pressure on the Safavid government from the north under the pretext of supporting the Sunnis in Shervan, Daghestan, and other regions with Sunni populations, and with encouragement from their relationships with the Crimea dynasty. On the other hand, the Safavid government tried to promote Shi'ism, and to penetrate into the regions with Sunni populations, and promulgate their religious tenets under the pretext of engaging a holy war against the Christian infidels. Although both governments claimed that they were motivated solely by a desire for fighting against the Christian infidels, there were other hidden motives for their actions, and the present study deals with the undeclared motives and the challenges arising from them in an analytical manner.

One of the arguments about the existence of God is the sedeqen Argument that was first used by Avecina.His argument is known as Imkan va Vojoob. But a few century later, Molla Sadra, a well-known Islamic philosopher, by establishing new philosophical fundaments presented a new form of the Sedeqen Argument. The Late Allameh Tabatabaee tried to give a new interpretation of the Sedeqen argument. He tried to present the problem of justification of the existence of God as the first problem of philosophy without relying on philosophical pretext. This essay is an account of the Late Tabatabaee"s opinion and at the same time a critique of it.

Lateral velocity has very backbone position in the railway vehicle wheelset dynamics as it usually becomes the cause of derailment by sliding due to insufficient adhesion ratio. This inappropriate balance is pretext owing to contamination and weather procures the disturbances. This perturbation makes hindrances in the proper running of wheelset on track. To analyze the noise, the Kalman filter is used based upon the railway dynamic modeling to estimate the actual signals to control the noise by measurement. Thus error percentage is also computed to detect the slippage by adhesion on applicable analysis of creep coefficient. Since controllable estimated lateral velocity assures minimum wheel slide.