muscle biopsy has been used for a long time for diagnosis of muscular, nerurogenic and systemicdisorders with muscle involvement, because only very few of these disorders show sufficient specific clinical features for definite diagnosis. Since the presence of difficulties in the screening of numerous genes, muscle biopsy could be a time and cost effective procedure for solving the diagnostic problems. The aim of this article is to mention the importance of muscle tissue in the evaluation of primary and secondary muscle diseases, special consideration of how to biopsy, handling the specimen and performing the special staining, and the microscopic findings in order to have better interpretation results.

Objective: Obesity and aging both involve ectopic accumulation of adipose (fat) and deterioration of muscle function. Postnatal growth and hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and adipose tissues are maintained by tissue resident stem cells. Adipose stem cells are found in various tissues while muscle stem cells (satellite cells) reside only in the skeletal muscles. Understanding how muscle and fat interact has important implications in the treatment of aging related muscular diseases and obesity.Materials and Methods: Stem cell lineage tracing and lineage ablation analysis, tissue regeneration assay and metabolic analysis in mice are employed to dissect thein vivointeraction between muscle and fat and its implication in muscle regeneration and obesity.Results: We discovered that intramuscular adipose progenitors are necessary for proper regeneration of injured skeletal muscles (Liu et al 2012, Dev Biol). By contrast, we show that skeletal muscle cells robustly inhibit the differentiation of adipose stem cells. This is the first study establishing a requirement for adipose tissue in skeletal muscle function and challenges the traditional view that muscle degeneration in the aging population is triggered by ectopic fat accumulation. Instead, our result suggests that ectopic fat accumulation in the aged and dystrophic muscle is a consequence of muscle deterioration (wasting) that abrogates the inhibitory effect of healthy muscle on adipose differentiation. Consistent with this notion, we demonstrate that muscle hypertrophy due to myostatin mutation reduces intramuscular fat content and promotes the conversion of the lipid-storing white adipocyte into lipid-catabolizing brown adipocytes (Shan et al, 2013 FASEB J). We further identify irisin as a myokine (muscle hormone) that mediates the effect of muscle hypertrophy on adipose tissues.Conclusion: Together, our studies demonstrate active interactions between skeletal muscle (stem cells) and adipose (stem cells). We provide compelling evidence that intramuscular adipose is necessary for proper muscle function but muscle hypertrophy promotes the conversion of white adipocytes to brown adipocytes, therefore reducing obesity risks.

Background: Moderate intensity exercise enhances the endogenous enzymatic antioxidant defense system. The increase in antioxidant capacity in Heavy and prolonged high-intensity exercise is not sufficient and may result in the breaking capacity of detoxification reactions of compounds of oxygen to the body. It has been proven that after intense exercise Instead of increasing the antioxidant capacity the lipid peroxidation and muscle damage occurs. Consumption of antioxidants enhances the antioxidant status and may reduce the damaging effects of radicals during intense exercise.The purpose of this study was to review the studies that examined the association between antioxidant intake and muscle damage.Methods: In the present study two completely separate searches in PubMed and Google Scholar, Scopus and SID using antioxidants, muscle injury, exercise, vitamin C, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, extracts of articles with clinical trial similar articles were eliminated and a total of 8 papers were studied.Results: At present, evidence suggests that dietary supplements containing antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress and muscle damage after exercise is very beneficial.Conclusions: Some of the studies from Improved indicators of muscle damage in athletes after taking antioxidants have spoken; But there are studies that these effects have not been reported and this need for clinical trials and other studies will tell. It is also recommended that additional studies with larger sample size and with different doses and in different sports athletes will be scrutinized.