COMPOUNDS WITH IMIDAZOLE RING SYSTEM HAVE MANY PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND CAN PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES.1 FOR EXAMPLE, IT IS REPORTED THAT SUBSTITUTED IMIDAZOLES CAN ACT AS GLUCAGON RECEOTOR ANAGONISTS, INHIBITORS OF P38 MAP KINASE, B-RAF KINASE, PLANTS GROWTH REGULATORS, ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTITUMOUR, THERAPEUTIC AGENTS AND ALSO PESTICIDE. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE DIHYDROPYRIDINES CHEMISTRY AND OUR CONTINUED INTEREST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PROCEDURE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUND2-4 TRIGGERED US TO DESCRIBE HERE THE NOVEL METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF BENZOIMIDAZOLES IN THE PRESENCE OF SYNTHESIZED ionic liquid (SCHEME 1)…

XANTHENE DERIVATIVES ARE IMPORTANT HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS BECAUSE OF THEIR USEFUL BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES SUCH AS ANTIVIRAL, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES. THESE COMPOUNDS ARE ALSO USED AS DYES, AS LUMINESCENT SENSORS, IN LASER TECHNOLOGIES, IN FLUORESCENT MATERIALS FOR THE VISUALIZATION OF BIOMOLECULES AND IN PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY [1].IN CONTINUATION OF OUR ONGOING STUDIES TO SYNTHESIZE OF HETEROCYCLIC AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS AT MILD AND PRACTICAL PROTOCOLS [2], HEREIN WE WISH TO REPORT OUR EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON THE SYNTHESIS OF DI INDOLYLMETHANES USING DIFFERENT BENZALDEHYDES AND B-NAPHTOL IN THE PRESENCE OF ionic liquid. ALL OF SYNTHESIZED COMPOUNDS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY IR AND NMR.

IN THE PAST DECADE, DIHYDROPYRIMIDINONES (DHPMS) AND THEIR DERIVATIVES HAVE ATTRACTEDCONSIDERABLE INTEREST BECAUSE THEY ARE COMMERCIALLY USED AS CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS, Α-1A-ANTAGONISTS AND NEUROPEPTIDE Y (NPY) ANTAGONISTS. THEY ALSO EXHIBIT ACTIVITIES SUCH AS ANTIFUNGAL, ANTIVIRAL, ANTICANCER, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS [1].IN CONTINUATION OF OUR ONGOING STUDIES TO SYNTHESIZE OF HETEROCYCLIC AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS AT MILD AND PRACTICAL PROTOCOLS [2], HEREIN WE WISH TO REPORT OUR EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON THE SYNTHESIS OF DIINDOLYLMETHANES USING DIFFERENT BENZALDEHYDES AND ETHYLACETOACETATE, UREA IN THE PRESENCE OF ionic liquid. ALL OF SYNTHESIZED COMPOUNDS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY IR AND NMR.

EXTRACTIVE DESULFURIZATION (EDS) IS ONE OF THE MORE REGARDED TECHNIQUE FOR THE REMOVAL OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS (PRESENT IN THE liquid FUEL) WHICH PRODUCE ONE OF THE MAIN SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTIONS I.E. SOX. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS LIMIT THE USE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS TO THIS PROCESS. ionic liquidS HAVE UNIQUE PROPERTIES WHICH CAUSE INCREASE THE APPLICATION OF THESE TYPE OF SOLVENTS FOR EDS. IN CONTINUATION OF OUR PREVIOUS STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF TASK-SPECIFIC PHOSPHONIUM ionic liquidS (PIL) FOR EDS. TRI-N-BUTYL-(2- HYDROXYETHYL) PHOSPHONIUM BROMIDE ([TBHEP][BR]) PERFORMANCE OF EDS AS A PIL CONTAINING ALCOHOL MOIETY WAS STUDIED. ...

BACKGROUND: THE SONOGASHIRA REACTION OF ARYL HALIDES IS ANOTHER C-C COUPLING PROCESS THAT HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY CATALYZED BY PALLADIUM PRECURSORS TO PRODUCE SUBSTITUTED ACETYLENES AS POTENTIALLY USEFUL COMPOUNDS WITH INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS [1]. …

BACKGROUND: THE IMPORTANCE OF GREEN REACTIONS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS HAS ENCOURAGED SCIENTISTS TO USE ionic liquidS (ILS) AS ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY REACTION MEDIA, CATALYSTS, REAGENTS, AND ALSO IN SEPARATION PROCESSES [1]. ILS USUALLY POSSESSES UNIQUE PROPERTIES, SUCH AS NONVOLATILITY, NONFLAMMABILITY, AND REMARKABLE CHEMICAL AND THERMAL STABILITY [2]. A VARIETY OF REACTIONS [3], INCLUDING TRANSITION METAL-CATALYZED CARBON–CARBON COUPLING REACTIONS SUCH AS MIZOROKI- HECK REACTION HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN ILS. THE HECK REACTION AS A VERSATILE METHOD PROVIDES AN EFFICIENT ROUTE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED OLEFINS THROUGH CROSS-COUPLING OF ARYL HALIDES AND OLEFINS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS...

BACKGROUND: SPECIATION OF IRON IN WATER SAMPLES IS VERY IMPORTANT FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL POINT OF VIEW. THE OXIDATION STATE OF IRON CAN INDICATE ITS ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL AND MICROBIAL ACTIVITY [1]. THUS, METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR DETERMINATION OF FE (II) AND FE (III) AS THE MOST IMPORTANT IRON SPECIES IN WATER SAMPLES HAS BEEN INTERESTED [2-4].METHODS: THE PH OF SAMPLE OR STANDARD SOLUTION CONTAINING FE (II) WAS ADJUSTED AT 4.5 USING ACETATE BUFFER. THEN 2, 4, 6-TRI (2' -PYRIDYL) L, 3, 5-TRIAZINE (TPTZ) AND SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE (SDS) WERE ADDED. SUBSEQUENTLY ETHANOL AS THE DISPERSER SOLVENT CONTAINING ionic liquid (HMIMPF6) AS THE EXTRACTION SOLVENT WAS RAPIDLY INJECTED INTO THE SOLUTION AND THE MIXTURE WAS ULTRASONICATED, TRANSFERRED INTO AN ICE-WATER BATH AND A CLOUDY SOLUTION WAS FORMED. AFTER CENTRIFUGING, THE UPPER AQUEOUS PHASE WAS REMOVED WITH A SYRINGE AND THE SEDIMENTED PHASE WAS DILUTED WITH ETHANOL AND ITS ABSORBANCE WAS MEASURED IN THE WAVELENGTH OF 589 NM AGAINST THE REAGENT BLANK. THE TOTAL FE WAS DETERMINED FROM THE REDUCTION OF FE (III) TO FE (II) WITH HYDROXYLAMINE. THE CONCENTRATION OF FE (III) WAS DETERMINED FROM THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CONCENTRATION OF TOTAL FE AND FE (II).RESULTS: TO ATTAIN A HIGH RECOVERY AND ENHANCEMENT FACTOR SOME IMPORTANT PARAMETERS SUCH AS THE TYPE AND VOLUME OF DISPERSIVE SOLVENT, AMOUNT OF ionic liquid, PH, TPTZ CONCENTRATION, ionic-STRENGTH, AND CENTRIFUGATION TIME WERE OPTIMIZED. UNDER THE OPTIMUM CONDITIONS, THE CALIBRATION GRAPH WAS LINEAR OVER THE RANGE OF 5.0-140.0 MG L-1 WITH THE LIMIT OF DETECTION OF 0.2 MG L-1. THE RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR FIVE REPLICATE DETERMINATIONS OF FE (II) AT 100 MG L-1 CONCENTRATION LEVEL WAS FOUND TO BE 1.5%. THE ENHANCEMENT FACTOR DEFINED AS THE SLOPE RATIO OF CALIBRATION CURVE OF THE EXTRACTION METHOD TO THAT OBTAIN WITHOUT PRECONCENTRATION WAS 19.CONCLUSION: THE METHOD WAS SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED TO STEAM SAMPLES OF YAZD COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS. THE PROPOSED METHOD WAS PROVED TO BE SIMPLE, SENSITIVE, FAST, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY.

BACKGROUND: AQUEOUS TWO-PHASE SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED MANY YEARS AGO [1]. THESE SYSTEMS ARE FORMED WHEN TWO SOLUTE WITH DIFFERENT HYDROPHILIC POWER ABOVE A CRITICAL CONCENTRATION ARE MIXED WITH EACH OTHER (SUCH AS, POLYMER - SALT). …