In this paper, we study the validity of the laws of thermodynamics in the form of a far parallel gravitational theory with an incomplete coupling between curves and scalar fields. To this end, we consider the FRW flat world, showing that the first and second laws of thermodynamics lie in its dynamic apparent horizon. We further assume that the universe is enclosed by the cosmological event horizon, such that in this case the first law of thermodynamics is valid, but the second law of thermodynamics is applied to the selected incomplete model, depending on the energy-momentum tensor components derived.

Ground motions records of the past higher magnitude (Mw>5) earthquakes have indicated that ground motions recorded at the closest distance of the near-fault are very different from those recorded from a higher distance from the site of the far-fault. Forward directivity and fling effect are the essential characteristics of the near-fault earthquakes; these can cause potentially high damage during earthquakes. Hence, to understand the effect of the far-fault and near-fault on the performance of the structure is vital to reduce the damage and perform an efficient response. In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the effects of far-fault and near-fault ground motions on the seismic performance of the concrete gravity dam incorporating the dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. An arbitrary gravity dam is considered as numerical example. In this, eight different earthquake records are considered for time history analyses. The seismic performance of the dam is evaluated using the cumulative-overstress-duration (COD) and demand-capacity ratio (CDR). The results obtained show the importance of the near-fault ground motion effect on the seismic performance of the concrete gravity dam.

In this study, response of concrete gravity dams considering dam-reservoir interaction using Lagrangian approach under uniform and non-uniform excitation of near and far fault earthquake is investigated. For this purpose for wave passage effect, shear wave velocity of earthquake is used. For incoherence effect the Harichandran and Vanmarke coherency model and also earthquake epicenter in three positions is considered. The results show that dam responses depend on frequency content of uniform and non-uniform excitation. In addition, non-uniform excitation has less effect on hydrodynamic pressure in comparison with crest displacement and heal stress in dam.

A finite difference / front tracking method is used to examine the lateral migration of a three-dimensional deformable drop in plane Poiseuille flow at a finite-Reynolds-number. The computations are based on an improved implementation of the front tracking method at finite Reynolds numbers that include convective terms. The elliptic pressure equation is solved by a multigrid method. Both neutrally buoyant and non-neutrally buoyant drop are studied. The computation is performed within a unit cell which is periodic in the direction along the channel. A neutrally buoyant drop lags the fluid slightly, and the wall effect balances the effect of the curvature of the velocity profile, giving rise to an equilibrium lateral position about halfway between the wall and the centerline (the Segre-Silberberg effect). Results are presented over a range of density ratios. In the non-neutrally buoyant case, the gravity force is imposed along the flow direction. Non-neutrally buoyant drops have more complicated patterns of migration, depending upon the magnitude of the buoyancy force. When the density difference is small, the equilibrium position is either near the wall or near the centerline, depending on whether the drop leads or lags the local fluid. When the density difference is large enough, the equilibrium position shifts towards the centerline, irrespective of whether the drop is lighter or heavier than the fluid. The effect of Reynolds number and capillary number on the non-neutrally buoyant drops is investigated. The accuracy of the method is assessed by comparison with the other simulations and experiments.

Today hydraulic reservoir structures are one of the most significant structures over the world and, on the other hand, have become of great importance because of current droughts, particularly in the Middle East. Concrete dams are noteworthy superstructures amongst these structures and their construction and maintenance involve intensive research. In this study, the effect of bed stiffness on a concrete gravity dam is examined under far-and near-fault ground motions. This study is conducted through the numerical modeling of Pine Flat concrete dam as a case study via Abaqus software, the import of 6 far-and near-field accelerograms and the investigation into the effect of 3 stiffness ratios. The results indicate that the stiffness ratio of 1 has a more reasonable effect, for which the response of structure is more logical and appropriate.

A large part of the dynamic force applied to the dam is the hydrodynamic force generated in the reservoir due dam and reservoir interaction. The nature and method of applying this force in near and far fault earthquake records on structures was different and structures behave differently against each of these types of records. One of the solutions to control the seismicity of the concrete gravity dam is to use seismic dampers at the interface of the dam and the reservoir to reduce the hydrodynamic pressure on the dam. Therefore, in this study to investigate the effect of damping on the seismic performance of a concrete gravity dam, two near fault and two far fault earthquake records were used for the analysis. Output responses including maximum response of dam crest displacement and 1st principle stress at heel have been selected as critical responses. Ansys software, based on finite element method, was selected for dam modeling and seismic analysis and Newmark method has been used to solve the dynamic equation. The results of the analysis show the positive effect of the isolation layer in reducing the seismic responses to the dam in both far and near earthquake fields. In addition, it can be said that rubber damper performs better in the near fault than in the far fault.

Sediment in the dam’ s reservoir has a significant role on mitigation of dynamic response of concrete gravity dams and also the seismic response of dams in near-field motion can be considerably different from those observed in the far field and the near– fault ground motions can cause considerable damage during an earthquake. This paper presents results of a study aimed at evaluating the sediment effects in the near-fault and far-fault ground motions on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams including dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. For this purpose, 3 as-recorded earthquake records which display ground motions with an apparent velocity pulse are selected to represent the near-fault ground motion characteristics. The Shafaroud gravity dam, which is selected as a numerical application, is subjected to a set of as-recorded near-fault and far-fault strong ground motion records and three different level of sediment are assumed. Results show that in the near-fault horizontal earthquake with assuming 2 m sediment height a 3. 67% reduction and with 8 m sediment height a 10. 33% reduction in dam crest displacement are obtained but in far-fault ground motion reservoir sediment do not have a sable pattern effect on dam’ s response. Therefore, any dam must be evaluated for sediment effects on its dynamic response individually.

Uplift force has significant role on dynamic response of concrete gravity dams and also seismic response of dams in near field motion can be considerably different from those observed in the far field and the near – fault ground motions can cause considerable damage during an earthquake. This paper presents results of study aimed at evaluating the uplift force effects in the near-fault and far-fault ground motions on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams including dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. For this purpose, 3 as-recorded earthquake records which display ground motions with an apparent velocity pulse are selected to represent the near-fault ground motion characteristics. The Shafaroud gravity dam, which is selected as a numerical application, is subjected to a set of as-recorded near-fault and far-fault strong ground motion records and three different distribution of uplift force are assumed. The results obtained from the analysis of the dam subjected to each fault effect are compared with each other. It is seen from the analysis results that the uplift force, which has influence on the dynamic response of concrete gravity dam-reservoir-foundation systems subjected to near-fault ground motion, as has the potential to increase damage in the dam body but at far-fault motion uplift force can be neglected.

gravity and its usage in gravity interpretation is still a challenging field. It is not easy to compute these gradients especially in the case of noisy data. Analytical signal is one of the new methods that uses gravity gradients to locate the perturbing body. This method had already been used for high-resolution magnetic and gravity data and rarely used for low-quality gravity data. The gravity gradients and analytical signal have been applied in two different areas, Zahedan where we are looking for Choromite anomalies and Tehran (Mard Abad) where we are investigating for low density anomaly, Probably hydrocarbon.

A great deal of attention has been paid to quantitative interpretation in recent years Two methods, namely the analytic signal an4 the Euler deconvolution (EULDPH) were discussed in this paper. After a short review on the mathematical bases of the methods. two field examples were used to examine the efficiency and limits of the methods when they are applied on a complex geology structure. These methods have already been applied to synthetic models and high - resolution data such as gradiometeric or microgravity data. Noisy gravity data especially in areas of complex geology has rarely been used by these methods and the field examples are exceptions. The low- resolution gravity data was used to provide with residual anomalies. gravity gradients were generated ftom the residual anomaly values. Then applying the gravity gradients to the analytic signal and EULDPH methods. we determine the coordinates of a perturbing body in the field of data. Two field examples, one in the west of Tehran (Mardabad) and another in the southwest of Iran are considered. In the first field we were to determine the location of a hydrocarbon density anomaly. In the second field, we were to determine a Choromit anomaly.