In view of Iran,s being located on one of the tow seismic belts of the world as well as the very existence of copious geologic fault, the occurrence of earthquake in the plateau of Iran is but a natural phenomenon. Iran is one of the ten cataclysm–generating countries and the sixth in number of the world earthquake - generating countries. That is why earthquake inflicts high death toll of human lives. Moreover the seismic zone encompasses 90% of the territorial area of our country . But what is more important in this regard, is the regrettable location of cities and metropolises (such as Tehran, Tabriz…) that have been built on or within the vicinity of geologic fault and, as a result, are unquestionably prone to earthquake menace.This is because Iran is one of the countries that have taken on their formation through innumerable geologic faults whose movements cause the release of stored energy leading to reccurrence of earthquake meting out heavy human casualty and immense property losses in urban areas. In this paper, endevours will be made to probe into the cause of earthquake generation in the plateau of Iran and the negative effects of activities of faults on some of the cities taken as models and recall the dangers entailed therein.

Context: The aim of the study was to review medical aspects of earthquakes in Iran in order to help clinicians obtain a better understanding of this natural disaster and select better therapeutic methods. Methods: Two authors independently searched articles through scientific databases, such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Wiley, EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge, andScopus. The keywords that were applied to search these articles included: Earthquake, disaster, Iran, physical phenomena, geological phenomena, health, trauma, medicine, wounds, and injuries. Tworesearchers independently assessed titles and abstracts of all studies and then included them based on the relevance. Results: Fourteen studies were included in the current study. Fractures were the most common injury. The results showed hospitals, relief agencies, and municipal services should be built in a manner appropriate for earthquake conditions. A gender-sensitive approach for planning and management of trauma patients after a disaster could allow better and more effective healthcare delivery. Conclusions: This review of earthquakes that occurred in Iran aimed to provide a better understanding of this natural disaster, and allow selection of better therapeutic methods, which is important in disaster management.

The paper develops a mathematical model that can produce effective predictions on the possibility of an inter-plate earthquake in a particular region. A hypothetical model based on the dilatancy-diffusion principle which, by its experimental studies, has proven to be an important feature towards earthquake prediction. The purpose of the study is to develop a model backed up by mathematics to provide a comprehensive way of predicting earthquakes. Theoretical methods involving continuum mechanics are used to determine the critical viscosity between the plates at which the movement of the plates is susceptible to causing an earthquake. Such a prediction methodology based on mathematical techniques is thus dealt in the paper to predict all three important parameters of an earthquake - time, magnitude and place. The interpretations of the work might prove to take one step closer at solving the question of predicting earthquakes.

Clear and justifiable analysis and decision making approaches play critical roles in acceptability of the results by managers and decision makers for optimum information management. This research follows these fact in providing a suitable spatial decision making approach for weighing earthquakes' vulnerability.We developed the well known analytic hierarchical process (AHP) method using basic concepts of fuzzy logic to overcome AHP's high sensibility against uncertainties in an earthquake vulnerability study. The mentioned development is carried out by substituting the simple binary questions in contemporary AHP questionnaires with three-value fuzzy questions. It enabled us to define a triangular fuzzy membership function for the questions. The simple fuzzy structure is adopted here to ensure the least perturbation of intrinsic simplicity of AHP method. Then the relevant analyzes of the AHP are replaced with their fuzzy counterparts.  The method has been implemented in this research for weighing of human-loss related vulnerability factors in city of Tehran. Buildings' condition and population are considered as the main factors. The buildings' condition is defined by age, structure and number of floors. These factors are categorized as follow:• Building age: Built before 1966, between 1966 and 1975, and after 1975 University College of Engineering, University of Tehran 3 • Building structure: Very weak, not stabilized, stabilized, and highly stabilized • Building floor number: 1 to 3, 4-15, and more than 15 floors These factors are evaluated for three earthquake scenarios as follow:• Scenario A: A weak to strong earthquake• Scenario B: A strong to severe earthquake• Scenario C: A severe to fatal earthquake The questionnaires were filled by twelve experts in seismology, geology, civil engineering and building structure. The results were analyzed by the contemporary AHP method and the modified one presented in this paper. Analogy of these results showed that the proposed modified AHP has been successful in reduction and absorption of uncertainty. Besides that, interpretation of the results of the proposed approach is closer to objective parameters which can be evaluated by the concerned managers. It also provides our desired level of clarity and justifiability, mostly preserved from AHP as well as considering the concepts and effects of spatial uncertainties in the achieved results.

Tehran is the capital of Iran and is one of the largest cities in the world. With its history of earthquakes, high population density, and a population of over 8.5 million, it must be prepared to cope with disaster. This article introduces a new method for estimating the reliability of a roadway network that considers the physical characteristics of the road and link capacity degradation. The proposed method was applied to a real road network and the connectivity reliability of the city was calculated. The proposed technique for computing connectivity reliability is sensitive to the characteristics of the road and adjacent buildings. The results indicate that northern Tehran, with a low population density and newer buildings and highway network, shows higher reliability for origin and destination trips than other regions. This region has a higher probability of connectedness to other regions after a disaster. The weakest area of the network lies in the southern and central regions with older buildings and no highway network. These regions show low connectivity reliability and high population density. These results provide useful insights into the vulnerability of the Tehran network in response to a major earthquake.

Since the seismic behaviour of the earth’ s energy (which follows from the power law distribution) can be similarly seen in the energy realized by the stock markets, in this paper we consider a statistical study for comparing the financial crises and the earthquakes. For this end, the TP statistic, proposed by Pisarenko et al. [37], is employed for estimating the critical point or the lower threshold, i. e. the point beyond that the market energy follows from the power law (Pareto) distribution. The results confirm the deviation of the energy from the Pareto distribution in the high quantiles of the energy data. The upper threshold that the energy's distribution is changed from the Pareto to another distribution is also estimated by TP statistic. A simulation study is employed for checking out the statistical behaviour of the estimated thresholds. Finally, the magnitude of the financial earthquakes is studied. The results indicate that the domestic and the international events especially the global financial crisis have caused the financial earthquakes in Tehran Stock Exchange. Also, the positive relation between the daily energy released and the daily magnitude of the shocks that was connected by Gutenberg and Richter [31] is confirmed.