In the present work, we have considered a modified gravity model dubbed as ‘logarithmicf (T) gravity’ as reported by Bamba et al. (J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys 1101: 21, 2011) and investigated the behavior of Ricci dark energy interacting with pressureless dark Matter. We have chosen the interaction term in the form Q=3 Hdrm and investigated the behavior of the Hubble parameter H as a function of the redshift z. For this reconstructed H, we have investigated the behavior of the fractional density contribution due to the Ricci dark energy and torsion. Subsequently, we investigated the equation of state parameter w RDE which is found to have a phantom-like behavior for all choices of c 2 in the Ricci dark energy density.

Background and Objective: Chocolate is one of the most popular food products, which, despite its desirable nutritional and health effects, can cause health risks/problems in consumers due to its high energy content. One way to reduce these risks/problems is to replace the sucrose with low-energy prebiotic compounds. The objective of the present study wasto explore the possibility of replacing sucrose with inulin, polydextrose, and maltodextrin in producing a low-energy dark chocolate with prebiotic properties using a Simplex Lattice Mixture Design.Materials and Methods: Sucralose (an artificial sweetener substituted for sucrose), was used along with inulin (a prebiotic), polydextrose and maltodextrin (bulking agents) with different ratios (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) to produce samples of a dark chocolate. The physicochemical (pH, water activity, and moisture, fat, and protein contents), mechanical and rheological (hardness, viscosity and yield value), as well as sensory (sweetness, firmness, mouth coating, and color) properties of the samples were examined.Results: The results showed that chocolate samples containing high levels of sugar substitutes had the highest moisture content and viscosity, as well as lower hardness. Out of the 5 mathematical models tested to predict the rheological characteristics of the chocolates produced, the Casson model was found to be the most suitable. There were no statistically significant differences between the treated and control samples as regards sensory characteristics. Furthermore, the results of superimposed contour plot showed optimum ranges to be 0-6% and 11–15% for inulin, 22–38% and 64–79% for polydextrose and 21–31% and 62-77% for maltodextrin.Conclusion: The findings show that a low-energy dark chocolate with prebiotic functional food properties can be produced using a low-energy sweetener (substituted for sucrose) and bulking agents (to improve rheological and sensory properties). Such a chocolate can compete with ordinary dark chocolate and can be consumed by children, adults and dieters with little restriction.

In the present work we consider to generalized ghost dark energy in presence of a sign changeable interaction term. We obtain evolving cosmic parameters and plot them. We find a good agreement between the model and observations in primary analysis. The plots reveal that decreasing b, the universe enters acceleration phase earlier while decreasing ð  œ‰ leads a delay in enterance to the acceleration phase. Next we present a stability analysis according to squared sound speed and find that increasing the model can achieve positive domain for squared sound speed which shows signs of stability. Finaly we discuss the statefinder analysis and see the model can catch {r=1, s=0} at late time.

In this work, we discussed the ‘modified holographic Ricci dark energy’ cosmological model based on El-Nabulsi fractional action cosmology. corresponding related cosmological parameters have been reconstructed. It has been observed that the equation of state parameter behaves like quintessence. Finally, through a test by the squared speed of sound, the proposed reconstruction model is found to be classically unstable.

In the framework of fractional action cosmology, we have reconstructed the scalar potentials and scalar fields, namely, quintessence, phantom, tachyon, k-essence, Dirac-Born-Infeld-essence, hessence, dila- ton field, and Yang-Mills field. To get more physical picture of the variation of the scalar field and potential with time, we express a scale factor in emergent, logamediate, and intermediate scenarios, under which the universe expands differently.

In this work, we consider the type I Bianchi model in a fractal cosmology and investigate the ghost dark energy model from the statefinder viewpoint. The statefinder diagrams depict the properties of the ghost dark energy and show the discrimination between this scenario,  CDM and generalized ghost dark energy models. By using the statefinder parameters r and s, we find out that the studied model can attain the  CDM phase of the fractal universe. We also show the behavior of the ghost (generalized ghost) dark energy and quintessence (phantom). Lastly, we show the effect of the anisotropy on the evolution of the universe in the statefinder diagram.

Cold dark matter hierarchical clustering (CDMHC) cosmology based on the Jeans (1902) criterion for gravitational instability gives predictions about the early universe contrary to fluid mechanics and observations. Jeans neglected viscosity, diffusivity, and turbulence: factors that determine gravitational structure formation and contradict small structures (CDM halos) forming from non-baryonic dark matter particle candidates. From hydro-gravitational-dynamics (HGD) cosmology, viscous-gravitational fragmentation produced supercluster (1046kg), cluster, and galaxy (1042kg) mass clouds in the primordial plasma with the large fossil density (r0=3×10-17 kg m-3) of the first fragmentation at 1012 s, and a linear and spiral clump morphology reflecting stretching-compression rates near vortex lines of the plasma turbulence at the 1013 s plasma-gas transition. Gas proto-galaxies fragmented into proto-globular-star-cluster mass (1036 kg) clumps of proto-planet clouds, presently frozen as earth-mass (1024-25 kg) Jovian planets of the baryonic dark matter, about 30.000.000 rogue plants per star. All stars from these planets. They appear in planetary nebulae and are misinterpreted as dark energy. Observations contradict the CDMHCC prediction of large explosive population III first stars at 1016 s, but support the gentle formation of small population II first stars at 1013 s in globule star-clusters from HGD.

We investigate the growth of matter density perturbations as well as the generalized second law (GSL) of thermodynamics in the framework of f(R)-gravity. We consider a spatially at FRW universe filled with the pressureless matter and radiation which is enclosed by the dynamical apparent horizon with the Hawking temperature. For some viable f(R) models containing the Starobinsky, Hu-Sawicki, Exponential, Tsujikawa and AB models, we first explore numerically the evolution of some cosmo-logical parameters like the Hubble parameter, the Ricci scalar, the deceleration param-eter, the density parameters and the equation of state parameters. Then, we examine the validity of GSL and obtain the growth factor of structure formation. We find that for the aforementioned models, the GSL is satisfied from the early times to the present epoch. But in the farther future, the GSL for all models is violated. Our numerical results also show that for all models, the growth factor for larger structures, like the  CDM model, fit the data very well.