The constitutionalism theory attempts as a means to limiting the powers of government and to constrained constituent power to protect certain fundamental values that are well defined. This theory primarily be traced back and legitimated through the national’ s Constitution but contemporary developments in international law surrounding the question of this idea can be plausible beyond domestic level or not. This article with descriptive and analytical approach evaluates the issue of constitutionalism at the national and international levels. The main idea in this article is that the constitutionalism is not is not belong to the national arena but also it’ s stepped into supranational and international fields, though, this is not deny the differences in function and efficiency of constitutionalism in such levels. International law has developed several concepts such as jus cogens which is accepted by the international community as a norm from which no derogation is permitted therein, the validity of other norms are subject to the compatibility with these principles. However, despite the quasi-constitutional concepts in international law, indetermination applications, and more importantly, uncertain of the body whose identify and enforced them has caused them less efficient.

The tradition of constitutionalism started off in the latter years of the nineteenth century and gained victory one hundred years ago. Many historians have studied about this movement, but there are still many aspects that need to be studied deeply. One of the unknown subjects is the role of Iranian cities in the constitutionalism.The present article, by taking into historical documents and texts, tries to illuminate the role of Isfahan and Bakhtiyari in the constitutionalism movment.

In the second period of Iranian Constitutional revolution, that was started with the conquest of Tehran at 1909 and ended with the ultimatum of Russia at 1912, Iran witnessed a period of important political, social and cultural changes during her contemporary history. In this period, particularly from the viewpoint of intellectual trend, various and interesting intellectual currents has formed that each of those attempted to transfer their viewpoints on constitutionality to the Iranian society. Sheikh Hossein Yazdi was one of the important clerics that his theoretical position and situation on the constitutional discussions and his viewpoints on the relation between religion and constitution is not clear till now. This article deals with the.

After the establishment of the constitutional system, the payment of salaries became a critical issue for the government. An examination of Ministry of Finance documents shows that the government was unable to pay salaries in a timely and complete manner due to financial bankruptcy, financial specialists were hired from the West. The most important policy pursued for hiring foreign advisors, they were chosen from governments other than Russia and Britain. advisers from Belgium, France, and the United States were hired by the Iranian government to regulate Iran's crisis-ridden financial system., the traditional structure governing them changed completely. Of these three axes, the pay system was of particular importance, because since the time of Muzaffar al-Din Shah, the inability to pay had caused a crisis that was rapidly increasing in severity. This article seeks to answer the question of how the treasury advisers used to solve the issue of payroll, and finally, to what extent they were able to achieve their goals and those of the constitutional government, which was to organize the crisis-paying payroll system. The findings of this study show that in order to solve the issue of payment of salaries, these advisors tried to solve the issue of payments by prioritizing the payment of current salaries and reducing some salaries, by implementing the policy of increasing revenues and reducing government expenditures. Governors and disputes with finance ministers over powers prevented them from carrying out their actions.

Patriotism, in its general sense, is considered as one of the main characteristics of poems in constitutionalism period. While patriotism was of a long tradition in Iran, after its several-hundred-year recess, it was revived in constitutionalism period. Frequent intrusions by neighboring countries and profit-seeking interventions of Europeans which resulted in humiliation of Iranians, as well as the weakness of the authorities in managing national affairs and maintaining Iran's territorial integrity wounded the pride of all Iranian patriots. As a result, poets, as their social mission, aimed to incite passion and understanding of the people regarding patriotism, and at the same time, cut short the hands of courtiers and foreigners. However, their patriotism was generally emotional and lacked an intellectual and philosophical depth. So, their attitude toward their country was the a combination of various patriotic beliefs including nationalism, internationalism, chauvinism, and even in the sense of birthplace. Considering the mixture of poets’ patriotic attitudes and also their mental and linguistic background, this paper attempts to study the intensions and levels of patriotism in the poems of prominent and influents poets of constitutionalism period.

Throughout the modern history of Iran, centralism and decentralization, like development and underdevelopment, have experienced many vicissitudes. During this very period, we were sometimes approaching development and sometimes distancing ourselves from it. In the modern history of Iran, we have experienced centralism more and decentralization less, but we have paid a more serious attention to the relationship between centralism and political underdevelopment, decentralization and political development. Accordingly, the effect of centralism and decentralization on the realization of development and political underdevelopment has not been discovered. Now, one question arises: what is the meaningful relationship between centralism and decentralization on the one hand, and political development and political underdevelopment on the other hand?

The thought of Iranian constitutionalism, the rudiments of which was noticed along with Iran and Russia war, was indeed a reaction to the crisis precipitated all over the country. This thought was a route for renovation and rise of Iran. Based on the fathers of constitutionalism, a facet of the rise and its bases was the endeavor to enter all ordinary people of the country in deciding for the fate of the country. With the rise of constitutionalism, such a viewpoint was so spread that with the provision of rudiments, some constitutionalists such as Akhund Khorasani and his disciples identified a common denomater for the public based on which they passed the verdict of equality of the public. After the provision of such rudiments, Akhund Khorasani identified the governance in Occultation as taken by the public, therefore authorizing the generic and public affairs to be handled by ordinary people, while such a right was not observed for ordinary people before the constitutionalism, being the freeheld of the King. Akhund Khorasani also denounced the monopoly of Islamic jurists, i. e. Faqih, in this field and authorized it for the public.

Enlightening, intellectuality and social criticism are related concepts. Nevertheless, not every enlightener and intellectual can necessarily be considered as a social critic. The present paper is intended to analyze Talebov's ideas as a social and political intellectual / enlightener in the context of the social beliefs and his ways of challenging these conditions. In this study, Talebov's works has been analyzed based on discourse analysis.

The quantity and quality of historigraphy were changed in Qajar period. The first sign of these changes appeared in prose and writing style. Then the changes led to the content and historigraphers. The horizon of historigraphy was expanded from geographical and cultural border of Iran and its neighbouring countries to the teritory of the world history. So, a matchless variety occurred in the historical writing and historians. Writing and study of history were not restricted only to the literary governors.A few authors proceeding this way, developes the contents of historical subjects and changed them from descriptive biography of kings and wars to the social and economical comments.They critisized the traditional historigraphy and circulated the method and technique of the scientific historigraphy. And finally they emphasized on phylosophical concept in history.In this essay, the circumstances of historigraphical changes and also the different aspects and factors which caused these changes in Qajar period before constitutionalism are giong to be considered.