Tuberculosis is infectious disease, of which pulmonary tuberculosis is the most common type. Cutaneous tuberculosis is an extra pulmonary type of the disease, that the last decade with the development of pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis, the incidence of cutaneous tuberculosis has been increasingly as well. This research is a retrospective study, which was done on a group of patients with cutaneous tuberculosis who have been treated in ZAHEDAN health centers.Studying the files of the patients with tuberculosis the patients with cutaneous tuberculosis were separated and the necessary information was transformed to the data forms and then these data were analyzed using S.P.S.S.In this study 1740 cases records were evaluated, of those 400 patients had extra pulmonary tuberculosis, and 24 patients (%6) had cutaneous tuberculosis who had been treated. The disease was observed mostly among people with the age between 20-29 years .The disease was more common in female than in male .The youngest patient was 5 years old and the oldest patient was a 48-year-old person. The disease was more observed in patients with B.CG vaccination and also more incidents in Iranian than in Afghanies .All patients had the type of lupus vulgaris and only one patient had lupus vulgaris after BCG vaccination.The incidcnce cutaneous tuberculosis is higher in ZAHEDAN than other parts of Iran. The most common type of disease was lupus vulgaris that is comparable with other reserches.Therefore to control and manage, chronic cutaneous ulcer, which is painless, must be more carefully studied.

Hepatitis B infection is cosmopolitan but its prevalence is different in each geographical area. In order to determine the HBV infection prevalence in ZAHEDAN, 410 of ZAHEDAN residents were studied for AntiHBc in 1996 (winter of 1374). All cases randomly selected based on their family number list in ZAHEDAN urban health centers. 33.9% (n=139) were found to be positive (40.2% of males and 28.5% of females) (P=0.01). There was a direct linear relation between age and the HBV infection. The HBV infection prevalence was different in various socioeconomic groups. We conclude that HBV infection is higher in ZAHEDAN compared to the other parts of the country, and HBV infection is more prevalent in older age and males. It has also a higher prevalence in poorer area.

One of the important goals of all organizations is to try to improve their performance. In this regard, they try to evaluate their organization based on criteria that are common or specific and to measure and compare their performance with other organizations and rivals in order to be able to achieve organizational goals. Considering the importance of the endowment institution in pursuit of economic and social goals, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the efficiency of endowments in ZAHEDAN. In this study, the DEA method is used in the CC method, which is the leading evaluation of performance in various fields for manufacturing and service units. In the findings, it was observed that some of the rivals are more efficient than other competing ones. Out of 110 tested rods, the No. 34 Taleghani mosque, 72, 73 and 76 mosques belonging to the Al-Rasool mosque and the 92 and 94 mosques of Sajjadiyeh mosque in this collection have a 100% efficiency. Other rivals are inefficient.

Background: Tuberculosis canses a broad range of clinical illnesses caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (or less commonly mycobaterium bovis). It is the most frequent cause of death worldwide. Tuberculosis can affect virtually every organ, most importantly the lungs. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) may develop simultaneously in the course of pulmonary tuberculosis or it may appear years after the primary pulmonary infection. In recent years, because of AIDS epidemic and an increase in the number of immigrants from countries where tuberculosis.remains endemic and an improvement in invasive diagnostic procedures have contributed to an increase in the occurrence of extra pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods and Materials: Because of the variations and dispersion of extra pulmonary tuberculosis observed between the developed and developing countries we were tempted to evaluate the entire cases of extra pulmonary tuberculosis in ZAHEDAN between 1998-2003.Results: In the survey, extra pulmonary tuberculosis formed 23.19% of all tuberculosis cases. A total of 417 patients (62.11% female and 37.89% male) were evaluated. Female between 15-24 years and male>65 years appeared to be predisposed to developing extra pulmonary tuberculosis.Tuberculosis lymphadenitis was the prevalent form of extra pulmonary tuberculosis (34.05%), fallowed by tuberculosis of pleural (12.23%), Tuberculosis of the bone (11.99%) in the order. Conclusions: Extra pulmonary tuberculosis comprises one-fourth of all cases of TB. Thisfigure is consistent with that of WHO. Tuberculosis lymphadenitis is the most common form of extra pulmonary among women and young individuals.

This paper examines urban residential water demand for the city of ZAHEDAN in Iran using the data over the period 1999-2006. The continuously intensifying scarcity of water resources is a crucial problem in almost all contemporary societies. Even in areas where there are adequate quantities of water. The problem of scarcity is usually confronted through the deterioration of water quality resulting in increasing costs for certain water uses.In the framework of water demand, it is vital to analyze and understand the characteristics of water demand. There are several important questions that need to answer. They are as follows: How the demand is formulated?Which factors determine the demand? How the demand responds to the changes in income and 4he cost of water? Stone-Gray approach is used to model and answer the above questions.The results show that the main determinants of residential water demand comprise water price, income, and temperature. The price elasticity of demand equals -0.06 while the income elasticity equals 0.062. Finally, the findings confirm that the minimum water requirements are 95 liters per person per day.

Tuberculosis is one of the most important health problems in the world especially in developing countries. Because of the disease importance and its prevalence in this province and incidence of multi drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in this region and detection of non tuberculous mycobacteriae in soil samples, the necessity of prevalence rate of non- tuberculous mycobacteriae was appealing. This research was a descriptive- cross sectional one on 150 patients who referred to Bou- Ali hospital for sputum examination. In this study from 91 samples (60.7%) Mycobacterium tuberculosis and from 59 samples (39.3%) non- tuberculous mycobacteriae were isolated .Thus in every patient with pulmonary diseases who had positive sputum smear and culture results, non -tuberculous mycobacteriae must be ruled out.

Background: The expansion of medical sciences, pharmacy and health coverage in large scale have increased accessibility of people to all sorts of medicines. Hence the latter has created enormous problems in terms of over and under dose and duration of medication: therefore investigation of this phenomenon seems very crucial.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was designed in order to investigate self-prescription in ZAHEDAN in 1999. The questionnaire reconvicted of; demographic criteria, self-medication and knowledge of its side effects.Results: Of 2-15cases, 49.8% were males and 50.2% were females with the mean age of 31.2±12.1 years. 67.3% had used drugs after appearance of common cold symptoms without visiting physician. Another common cause of self-medication was headache (55.9%). However, the least percentage of drug intake was noticed in case of subjects suffering from dysuria as c result of urinary tract infection (UTI) that was 7.3% In addition this study showed/hat 77% of people believed drugs were harmless and 51.8% took drugs till the symptoms disappeared and only 20% completed the course of treatment. The largest amount of available drugs at homes was painkillers and antibiotics, subsequently the largest amount of medicines taken as a result of self-medications were painkillers, anti pyretics and then antibiotics. Conclusion: With respect to the above mentioned facts, it is concluded that self-medication and self-prescription are very common among people regardless of their socio-economic level, hence it is strongly recommended that educational measures should he employed in order to increase their knowledge of drugs proper usage.

Background and Objectives: Transfusion transmitted malaria is an ever present risk in endemic areas and the real threat for blood safety. There is a need for an effective malaria screening program and development of donor deferral criteria for the country. We evaluated the potential usefulness of Elisa screening for malaria antibody and antigen, thick and thin blood film, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) among ZAHEDAN blood donors.Materials and Methods: A total number of 384 blood donors in ZAHEDAN in 2009 were screened for malaria parasite by thick and thin blood film using giemsa staining technique, Elisa antibody and antigen test, and PCR.Results: The overall malaria antibody prevalence was 4.7%. In blood donors living in endemic regions, where there were reports for local Malaria transmission, the rate was 7.9%. The results of all antigen test, thick and thin blood films, and PCR were negative.Conclusions: The present donor deferral system seems optimal at present; however, a small risk of transfusion transmitted malaria remains. In an endemic region like Sistan and Baluchestan the use of Elisa antibody test was an interesting alternative for the screening of blood donors.

In ZAHEDAN , because there is high salinity of plumping water. The patable water of population who live in ZAHEDAN is supplied from water resources which are around the city and usually water tankers and container.Therefore, probability of water pollution increases. This study aims at determining the water microbial pollution through coliforms and coliforms-as pollution indexes in bacteria testing in 2000.To do this the city is devided into 21 part. Then from each part water samples were choosen. (One sample from tankers and two sample from containers, two sample from water storage in doweellings and 23 sample from main water resources). Out of 128 samples, the fo128 samples, the followings are observed.19% tanker samples contained fecal coliforms while 7.3% of stored water samples in dwelling containedfecal coliforma.In containers which have been filled from public water taps, there was not pollution because of chlorination. 30.4% of the maine water resources had fecal coliforms. Comparing with who standards people in ZAHEDAN do not have suitable potable water and they are danger of different water born diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need of consideration by authorities.